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A year into the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, the race between vaccine and virus entered a new phase in the Middle East and Central Asia, and the path to recovery in 2021 is expected to be long and divergent. The outlook will vary significantly across countries, depending on the pandemic’s path, vaccine rollouts, underlying fragilities, exposure to tourism and contact-intensive sectors, and policy space and actions. 2021 will be the year of policies that continue saving lives and livelihoods and promote recovery, while balancing the need for debt sustainability and financial resilience. At the same time, policymakers must not lose sight of the transformational challenges to build forward better and accelerate the creation of more inclusive, resilient, sustainable, and green economies. Regional and international cooperation will be key complements to strong domestic policies.

Economic history. --- Covid-19 --- Crisis Management --- Crisis management --- Crisis recovery and resolution planning --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Financial crises --- Financial crisis --- General Economics: General --- Government expenditures and health --- Health care spending --- Health economics --- Health --- International Economics --- Macroeconomics --- National Government Expenditures and Health --- Public expenditures and health

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The Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund were adopted at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference (Bretton Woods, New Hampshire) on July 22, 1944. They were originally accepted by 29 countries and since then have been signed and ratified by a total of 189 Member countries. As the charter of the organization, the Articles lay out the Fund’s purposes, which include the promotion of “international monetary cooperation through a permanent institution which provides the machinery for consultation and collaboration on international monetary problems”. The Articles also establish the mandate of the Organization and its members’ rights and obligations, its governance structure and roles of its organs, and lays out various rules of operations including those related to the conduct of its operations and transactions regarding the Special Drawing Rights. The key functions of the IMF are the surveillance of the international monetary system and the monitoring of members’ economic and financial policies, the provision of Fund resources to member countries in need, and the delivery of technical assistance and financial services. Since their adoption in 1944, the Articles of Agreement have been amended seven times, with the latest amendment adopted on December 15, 2010 (effective January 26, 2016). The Articles are complemented by the By-laws of the Fund adopted by the Board of Governors, themselves being supplemented by the Rules and Regulations adopted by the Executive Board.

Banking --- Banks and Banking --- Crisis management --- Currency --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Foreign exchange reserves --- Foreign Exchange --- Foreign exchange --- Government and the Monetary System --- International Economics --- International finance --- Monetary economics --- Monetary Policy --- Monetary Systems --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Money --- Payment Systems --- Public finance & taxation --- Public Finance --- Regimes --- Standards --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- United States

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Articles of Agreement December 2004.

Bank liquidation --- Banking --- Banks and Banking --- Cement --- Ceramics --- Crisis management --- Currencies --- Currency --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Foreign exchange reserves --- Foreign Exchange --- Foreign exchange --- Freely usable currencies --- Glass --- Gold --- Government and the Monetary System --- International monetary system --- Investment & securities --- Investments: Metals --- Metals and Metal Products --- Monetary economics --- Monetary Policy --- Monetary Systems --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Money --- Payment Systems --- Public Finance --- Regimes --- Standards --- Montenegro

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In recent years, the IMF has released a growing number of reports and other documents covering economic and financial developments and trends in member countries. Each report, prepared by a staff team after discussions with government officials, is published at the option of the member country.

Bank resolution --- Banking --- Banks and Banking --- Banks and banking --- Banks --- Commercial banks --- Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions --- Contracting Out --- Crisis management --- Depository Institutions --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Expenditure --- Expenditures, Public --- Exports and Imports --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Imports --- International economics --- Macroeconomics --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Privatization --- Public finance & taxation --- Public Finance --- Trade: General --- Libya

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Urgent steps are needed to arrest the rising human toll and economic strain from the COVID-19 pandemic that are exacerbating already-diverging recoveries. Pandemic policy is also economic policy as there is no durable end to the economic crisis without an end to the health crisis. Building on existing initiatives, this paper proposes pragmatic actions at the national and multilateral level to expeditiously defeat the pandemic. The proposal targets: (1) vaccinating at least 40 percent of the population in all countries by the end of 2021 and at least 60 percent by the first half of 2022, (2) tracking and insuring against downside risks, and (3) ensuring widespread testing and tracing, maintaining adequate stocks of therapeutics, and enforcing public health measures in places where vaccine coverage is low. The benefits of such measures at about $9 trillion far outweigh the costs which are estimated to be around $50 billion—of which $35 billion should be paid by grants from donors and the residual by national governments potentially with the support of concessional financing from bilateral and multilateral agencies. The grant funding gap identified by the Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator amounts to about $22 billion, which the G20 recognizes as important to address. This leaves an estimated $13 billion in additional grant contributions needed to finance our proposal. Importantly, the strategy requires global cooperation to secure upfront financing, upfront vaccine donations, and at-risk investment to insure against downside risks for the world.

Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Communicable diseases --- Crisis management --- Demographic Economics: General --- Demography --- Diseases: Contagious --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: General --- Economic sectors --- Economics of specific sectors --- Economics: General --- Financial crises --- Health Behavior --- Health economics --- Health --- Health: General --- Income --- Industries: Manufacturing --- Industry Studies: Manufacturing: General --- Infectious & contagious diseases --- Macroeconomics --- Manufacturing industries --- National accounts --- Natural disasters --- Population & demography --- Population and demographics --- Population --- Publicly Provided Goods: General --- India