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The purpose of this Special Issue, “Water Intake, Body Water Regulation, and Health”, is to present novel reviews and experimental data regarding hydration physiology and its implication in overall health. Water has previously been dubbed the forgotten nutrient due to humans’ and animals’ ability to subsist seemingly unchanged across a wide range of daily water intakes. However, with the introduction of stressors such as exercise, diseased states, and/or chronic high or low water intake, the homeostatic signals related to body water regulation can influence organ and whole-body health. This Special Issue will discuss water intake, the scientific rationale surrounding the U.S. and European water intake guidelines, homeostatic mechanisms, diseases related to dysfunction of water regulation, and differences in the volume and the vehicle in which the water is contained (i.e., plain water versus mixed beverages) on water intake during and following exercise. The aim is to continue discussion surrounding water, the previously forgotten nutrient, and highlight the importance of water in daily life.

n/a --- modeling --- adaptation --- pollution --- perception --- heat stress --- assessment --- body composition --- polydipsia --- environmental stressors --- deuterium --- children --- water-electrolyte balance --- dehydration --- big data --- obesity --- climate change --- hydration factor and Hispanic Americans --- water --- thermoregulation --- rehydration --- fluid replacement --- hydration --- chronic disease --- acute kidney injury --- chronic kidney disease --- blood pressure regulation --- exercise --- electrolytes --- euhydration --- database --- water intake --- drinking water --- vascular function --- skin blood flow --- sympathetic nervous system --- oral rehydration therapy --- water restriction --- ultraviolet radiation --- hyponatremia --- DNA --- NHANES --- aging --- sweating --- hypohydration --- body water

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Cyanobacterial abundance has increased disproportionately, and this trend is likely to continue in the coming decades. This increase not only has deleterious effects on ecosystem biodiversity but also adversely affects drinking water supplies, livestock watering, crop yields, aquaculture, etc. Thus, the proliferation of cyanobacterial blooms presents human and animal health risks due to the common production of potent toxins, cyanotoxins. Moreover, these risks are aggravated by the accumulation potential of cyanotoxins and their transference to the food chain. In spite of the worldwide increasing occurrence of cyanotoxins, they are still underestimated in regulations. However, risk management of cyanotoxins is only possible after a thorough risk evaluation, and for that purpose, toxicity and exposure data are required. Thus, occurrence and monitoring information is of key importance, and new data in relation to the conditions that favor cyanobacterial growth and cyanotoxin production are welcome in order to prevent their appearance. On the other hand, in regard to toxicity, there are still many data gaps to fill. This book compiles 10 research papers and a review, which provide valuable contributions on all these aspects and demonstrate the importance of cyanobacteria toxins research.

Research & information: general --- Environmental economics --- inflammatory bowel disease --- dextran sulfate sodium --- colitis --- microcystin --- colon --- HAB --- Adda --- canine intoxication --- MMPB --- urinalysis --- hair --- ELISA --- LC-MS/MS --- Microcystin-LR --- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease --- No Observed Adverse Effect Level --- Leprdb/J mice --- hepatotoxicity --- oxidative stress --- TiO2 enriched phosphopeptides --- Cyanotoxins --- microcystin congeners --- MC-LA --- nutrients --- climate --- Great Lakes --- raw water intake --- multivariate statistics --- long-term monitoring --- cyanobacteria --- microcystin-LR --- cylindrospermopsin --- cyanotoxins mixture --- plant growth --- toxin bioaccumulation --- cyanotoxin --- structure --- PP2A inhibition --- liquid chromatography --- mass spectrometry --- cyanotoxins --- metal --- zinc --- Microcystis aeruginosa --- in vivo --- genotoxicity --- micronucleus --- comet assay --- enzyme-modified comet assay --- rats --- drinking water quality --- Mozambique --- public health --- Llayta --- Nostoc --- flow cytometry --- liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) --- risk assessment --- management strategies --- modelling