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Biomaterials—the materials used for the manufacturing of medical devices— are part of everyday life. Each one of us has likely had the experience of visting a dentist’s office, where a number of biomaterials are used temporarily or permanently in the mouth. Devices that are more complex are used for to support, heal, or replace living tissues or organs in the body that are suffering or compromised by different conditions. The materials used in their construction are metals and metallic alloys, polymers—ranging from elastomers to adhesives—and ceramics.Within these three cases, there are materials that are inert in the living environment, that perform an active function, or that are dissolved and resorbed by the metabolic pathways. Biomaterials are the outcome of a dynamic field of research that is driven by a growing demand and by the competition among the manufacturers of medical devices, with innovations improving the performance of existing devices and that contribute to the development of new ones. The collection of papers forming this volume have one particular class of of biomaterial in common, ceramic (bioceramic) composites, which as so far been used in applications such as orthopaedic joint replacement as well as in dental implants and restorations and that is being intensively investigated for bone regeneration applications. Today’s bioceramic composites (alumina–zirconia) are the golden standard in joint replacements. Several manufracturers have proposed different zirconia–alumina composites for use in hip, knee, and shoulder joint replacements, with several other innovative devices also being under study. In addition, bioceramic composites with innovative compositions are under development and will be on the market in years to come. Something that is especially interesting is the application of bioceramic composites in the regeneration of bone tissues. Research has devoted special attention to the doping of well-known materials (i.e., calcium phosphates and silicates) with bioactive ions, aiming to enhance the osteogenic ability and bioresorbability of man-made grafts. Moreover, high expectations rely on hybrid biopolymer/ceramic materials that mimic the complex composition and multiscale structure of bone tissue.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- biomaterials --- bone grafts --- bone repair --- dental implants --- scaffolds --- alumina --- zirconia --- Alumina-Toughened Zirconia --- Zirconia-Toughened Alumina --- hip arthroplasty --- calcium phosphates --- hydroxyapatite --- bone cements --- bioactive composites --- bone regeneration --- zirconia–alumina composite --- stabilizing oxides --- critical grain size --- tetragonality --- mechanical properties --- fracture toughness --- flexural strength --- ceramic additive manufacturing --- DLP --- bioceramics --- calcium phosphate --- carbon fibers --- mineralization --- zirconia-toughened alumina --- phase transformation --- Raman spectroscopy --- calcium-based biomineralization --- hydroxyapatite nanoparticles --- biomimicry --- multifunctional materials --- Freeze Foam --- hybrid bone --- biocompatibility --- bone replacement --- transformation toughening --- platelet reinforcement --- hip --- alumina matrix composite --- AMC --- hip prosthesis --- prosthesis --- case series --- ceramic-on-ceramic --- n/a --- zirconia-alumina composite

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Biomaterials—the materials used for the manufacturing of medical devices— are part of everyday life. Each one of us has likely had the experience of visting a dentist’s office, where a number of biomaterials are used temporarily or permanently in the mouth. Devices that are more complex are used for to support, heal, or replace living tissues or organs in the body that are suffering or compromised by different conditions. The materials used in their construction are metals and metallic alloys, polymers—ranging from elastomers to adhesives—and ceramics.Within these three cases, there are materials that are inert in the living environment, that perform an active function, or that are dissolved and resorbed by the metabolic pathways. Biomaterials are the outcome of a dynamic field of research that is driven by a growing demand and by the competition among the manufacturers of medical devices, with innovations improving the performance of existing devices and that contribute to the development of new ones. The collection of papers forming this volume have one particular class of of biomaterial in common, ceramic (bioceramic) composites, which as so far been used in applications such as orthopaedic joint replacement as well as in dental implants and restorations and that is being intensively investigated for bone regeneration applications. Today’s bioceramic composites (alumina–zirconia) are the golden standard in joint replacements. Several manufracturers have proposed different zirconia–alumina composites for use in hip, knee, and shoulder joint replacements, with several other innovative devices also being under study. In addition, bioceramic composites with innovative compositions are under development and will be on the market in years to come. Something that is especially interesting is the application of bioceramic composites in the regeneration of bone tissues. Research has devoted special attention to the doping of well-known materials (i.e., calcium phosphates and silicates) with bioactive ions, aiming to enhance the osteogenic ability and bioresorbability of man-made grafts. Moreover, high expectations rely on hybrid biopolymer/ceramic materials that mimic the complex composition and multiscale structure of bone tissue.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- biomaterials --- bone grafts --- bone repair --- dental implants --- scaffolds --- alumina --- zirconia --- Alumina-Toughened Zirconia --- Zirconia-Toughened Alumina --- hip arthroplasty --- calcium phosphates --- hydroxyapatite --- bone cements --- bioactive composites --- bone regeneration --- zirconia-alumina composite --- stabilizing oxides --- critical grain size --- tetragonality --- mechanical properties --- fracture toughness --- flexural strength --- ceramic additive manufacturing --- DLP --- bioceramics --- calcium phosphate --- carbon fibers --- mineralization --- zirconia-toughened alumina --- phase transformation --- Raman spectroscopy --- calcium-based biomineralization --- hydroxyapatite nanoparticles --- biomimicry --- multifunctional materials --- Freeze Foam --- hybrid bone --- biocompatibility --- bone replacement --- transformation toughening --- platelet reinforcement --- hip --- alumina matrix composite --- AMC --- hip prosthesis --- prosthesis --- case series --- ceramic-on-ceramic

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Graphene-polymer nanocomposites continue to gain interest in diverse scientific and technological fields. Graphene-based nanomaterials present the advantages of other carbon nanofillers, like electrical and thermal conductivity, while having significantly lower production costs when compared to materials such as carbon nanotubes, for instance. In addition, in the oxidized forms of graphene, the large specific area combined with a large quantity of functionalizable chemical groups available for physical or chemical interaction with polymers, allow for good dispersion and tunable binding with the surrounding matrix. Other features are noteworthy in graphene-based nanomaterials, like their generally good biocompatibility and the ability to absorb near-infrared radiation, allowing for the use in biomedical applications, such as drug delivery and photothermal therapy.This Special Issue provides an encompassing view on the state of the art of graphene-polymer composites, showing how current research is dealing with new and exciting challenges. The published papers cover topics ranging from novel production methods and insights on mechanisms of mechanical reinforcement of composites, to applications as diverse as automotive and aeronautics, cancer treatment, anticorrosive coatings, thermally conductive fabrics and foams, and oil-adsorbent aerogels.

Technology: general issues --- graphene oxide --- polymer composite fiber --- interfacial bonding --- polypropylene --- thermal stability --- graphene --- unsaturated polyester resins --- tung oil --- biobased polymer nanocomposites --- in situ melt polycondensation --- graphene polymer matrix composite --- polyamide 66 --- elongational flow --- hydrogen bond --- poly(trimethylene terephthalate) --- electrospinning --- composite fiber --- morphology --- crystallization --- electrical conductivity --- mechanical property --- elastic recovery --- cellulose nanofibers --- polyvinyl alcohol --- directional freeze-drying --- oil absorption --- graphene oxide–platinum nanoparticles nanocomposites --- prostate cancer --- cytotoxicity --- oxidative stress --- mitochondrial membrane potential --- DNA damage --- conducting polymer --- PANI --- LEIS --- corrosion --- fabric --- cellulose nanocrystal --- thermal conductivity --- adhesives --- cohesive zone model --- finite element method --- graphene-polymer nanocomposite --- graphene/polymer interface --- molecular dynamics --- regressive softening law --- polysulfone foams --- tortuosity --- water vapor induced phase separation --- scCO2 --- toughening mechanisms --- graphene nanoplatelets --- recycled rubber --- Halpin–Tsai --- SEM --- light emitting diode --- phototherapy --- polyethylene glycol --- thermal reduction --- n/a --- graphene oxide-platinum nanoparticles nanocomposites --- Halpin-Tsai

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Graphene-polymer nanocomposites continue to gain interest in diverse scientific and technological fields. Graphene-based nanomaterials present the advantages of other carbon nanofillers, like electrical and thermal conductivity, while having significantly lower production costs when compared to materials such as carbon nanotubes, for instance. In addition, in the oxidized forms of graphene, the large specific area combined with a large quantity of functionalizable chemical groups available for physical or chemical interaction with polymers, allow for good dispersion and tunable binding with the surrounding matrix. Other features are noteworthy in graphene-based nanomaterials, like their generally good biocompatibility and the ability to absorb near-infrared radiation, allowing for the use in biomedical applications, such as drug delivery and photothermal therapy.This Special Issue provides an encompassing view on the state of the art of graphene-polymer composites, showing how current research is dealing with new and exciting challenges. The published papers cover topics ranging from novel production methods and insights on mechanisms of mechanical reinforcement of composites, to applications as diverse as automotive and aeronautics, cancer treatment, anticorrosive coatings, thermally conductive fabrics and foams, and oil-adsorbent aerogels.

Technology: general issues --- graphene oxide --- polymer composite fiber --- interfacial bonding --- polypropylene --- thermal stability --- graphene --- unsaturated polyester resins --- tung oil --- biobased polymer nanocomposites --- in situ melt polycondensation --- graphene polymer matrix composite --- polyamide 66 --- elongational flow --- hydrogen bond --- poly(trimethylene terephthalate) --- electrospinning --- composite fiber --- morphology --- crystallization --- electrical conductivity --- mechanical property --- elastic recovery --- cellulose nanofibers --- polyvinyl alcohol --- directional freeze-drying --- oil absorption --- graphene oxide-platinum nanoparticles nanocomposites --- prostate cancer --- cytotoxicity --- oxidative stress --- mitochondrial membrane potential --- DNA damage --- conducting polymer --- PANI --- LEIS --- corrosion --- fabric --- cellulose nanocrystal --- thermal conductivity --- adhesives --- cohesive zone model --- finite element method --- graphene-polymer nanocomposite --- graphene/polymer interface --- molecular dynamics --- regressive softening law --- polysulfone foams --- tortuosity --- water vapor induced phase separation --- scCO2 --- toughening mechanisms --- graphene nanoplatelets --- recycled rubber --- Halpin-Tsai --- SEM --- light emitting diode --- phototherapy --- polyethylene glycol --- thermal reduction

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With daily signals, Nature is communicating us that its unconscious wicked exploitation is no more sustainable. Our socio-economic system focuses on production increasing without considering the consequences. We are intoxicating ourselves on a daily bases just to allow the system to perpetuate itself. The time to switch into more natural solutions is come and the scientific community is ready to offer more natural product with comparable performance then the market products we are used to deal with. This book collects a broad set of scientific examples in which research groups from all over the world, aim to replace fossil fuel-based solutions with biomass derived materials. In here, some of the most innovative developments in the field of bio-materials are reported considering topics which goes from biomass valorization to the synthesis of high preforming bio-based materials.

chitosan --- graphene oxide --- microstructure --- autoxidation --- heavy metals --- polycaprolactone --- precipitation --- thermosetting polymers --- thermal degradation --- humidity sensor --- asphalt rubber --- tung oil --- nanobiocomposites --- ionic liquid --- GC-MS --- hybrid nonisocyanate polyurethane --- physicochemical properties --- alginate sponge --- Bioflex --- dimer acid --- bio-asphalt --- benzoyl cellulose --- Peptone --- transparent wood --- biocomposite --- nanoclays --- storage stability --- solvent- and catalyst-free --- microcellulose fiber --- lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils --- polylactic acid (PLA) --- bio-inspired interfaces --- polyhydroxyalkanoates --- strain sensor --- enzymatic saccharification --- headspace solid phase microextraction --- PHBV --- electrical resistance --- melt condensation --- cement --- solution casting --- orange waste --- hybrid composites --- biopolymers --- TEMPO oxidation --- pollutant adsorbents --- Escherichia coli --- bio-nanocomposites --- TiO2 anatase --- metal binding --- liquid natural rubber --- hydrotropic treatment --- metal chloride --- feast-famine --- biomass resources --- wood --- electroless deposition --- one-pot synthesis --- thermoplastic starch --- films --- lignin-carbohydrate complex --- cellulose --- corn starch --- microencapsulated phase change material (MPCM) --- differential scanning calorimetry --- compatibility --- natural fibers --- workability --- silkworm cocoons --- lignin content --- polylactic acid --- porous structure --- electrospinning --- nanocellulose fibers --- H2O2 bleaching treatment --- polysaccharides --- mixing sequence --- porosity --- lignocellulosic nanofibrils --- dense structure --- alkali lignin --- polydopamine coating --- nuclear magnetic resonance --- cationic dyes --- poly(lactic acid) and composite films --- endothermic effect --- HSQC-NMR --- Microbial nutrient --- n/a --- toughening --- X-ray diffraction --- water resistance --- waste biomass --- lignin --- UV light --- ultrafiltration --- two-step lyophilization --- mechanical degradation --- bio-based --- methylene blue --- stearoyl cellulose --- ONP fibers --- anionic surfactants --- Hatscheck process --- osteoblast proliferation --- resource recovery --- dissolution --- copper coating --- bacterial cellulose --- hydrogel --- iron chelation --- knotwood --- sensitivity --- mixed microbial cultures --- dimensional stability --- volatiles --- lignocellulose --- Artemisia vulgaris --- surface modification --- PHA --- crosslinked microparticles --- pyrene --- composites --- galactoglucomannan --- polymeric composites --- kaempferol --- tannin-furanic foam --- Solanyl --- wastewater treatments --- adsorption capacity --- heat treatment --- thermal gravimetric analysis --- WAXS --- unsaturated polyester resins --- pulp fibers --- free-radical polymerization --- larixol --- delignification --- antifouling --- chemical composition --- hemicellulose --- tissue engineering --- extrusion-compounding --- membrane --- photodegradation --- structural plastics --- scanning electron microscope --- phenanthrene --- thermal properties --- immobilized TEMPO --- Staphylococcus aureus --- adsorption --- wood modification --- structure–property relationship --- physical property --- film --- mechanical properties --- tannin --- Bio-based foams --- latex state --- paper-based scaffolds --- skincare --- pyrolysis mechanism --- emulsion-solvent evaporation method --- bioplastics --- imidazolium --- fractionation --- cost --- fiber-cement --- lyocell fiber --- recycling --- kenaf fiber --- thermal stability --- transport properties --- SAXS --- silanization --- cellulose nanofibers --- taxifolin --- tannin polymer --- vibrational spectroscopy --- robust fiber network --- nanocelluloses --- poly(lactic acid) --- Anti-bacterial silver nanoparticle --- cellulose nanocrystals --- structure-property relationship