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Management --- Management. --- Industrial relations --- Organization --- business management --- business information systems --- safety and risk management --- technological progress --- decision support systems --- r&d investments --- Business, Economy and Management --- Economics

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This open access book encompasses a collection of in-depth analyses showcasing the challenges and ways forward for macroeconomic modelling of R&D and innovation policies. Based upon the proceedings of the EC-DG JRC-IEA workshop held in Brussels in 2017, it presents cutting-edge contributions from a number of leading economists in the field. It provides a comprehensive overview of the current academic and policy challenges surrounding R&D as well as of the state-of-the-art modelling techniques. The book brings to the forefront outstanding issues related to the assessment of the macroeconomic impact of R&D policies and its modelling. It speaks to the rising importance of R&D and innovation policy, and the proliferation of macroeconomic models featuring endogenous technological change. The contents of this book will be of interest to both academic and policy audiences working in the fields of R&D and innovation.

Macroeconomics --- Research --- Research and development projects --- Science and state. --- Mathematical models. --- Government policy. --- Economic aspects. --- R&D --- Innovation policy --- Macroeconomic modelling --- Endogenous technological progress --- Endogenous growth theory --- Economic growth challenges --- Open Access

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Using enterprise data for the economies of Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, this study examines the effects of corruption on productivity. Corruption is defined as a "bribe tax" and is compared with another form of institutional inefficiency, which is often believed to be closely linked with corruption: the "time tax" imposed on firms by red tape. When testing their effects in the full sample, only the bribe tax appears to have a negative effect on firm-level productivity, while the effect of the time tax is insignificant. At the same time, there is no evidence of a trade-off between the time and the bribe taxes, implying that bribing does not emerge as a second-best option to achieve higher productivity by helping circumvent cumbersome bureaucratic requirements. When the sample is split between European Union and non-European Union countries, the time tax turns out to have a negative effect only in European Union countries and the bribe tax only in non-European Union countries. This suggests that the institutional environment influences the way in which firm behavior affects firm performance. In particular, the impact of bribing for individual firms appears to vary depending on overall institutional quality: in countries where corruption is more prevalent and the legal framework is weaker, bribery is more harmful for firm-level productivity.

Competitive markets --- CPI --- Developed countries --- Economic activity --- Economic development --- Economic growth --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Empirical evidence --- Empirical studies --- Environment --- Environmental --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Environments --- Equilibrium --- Expenditures --- Externalities --- Government regulations --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Political Economy --- Private Sector Development --- Producers --- Property rights --- Public Sector Corruption & Anticorruption Measures --- Public Sector Development --- Resource allocation --- Technological change --- Technological progress --- Transaction costs

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This paper presents a framework for analyzing tropical deforestation and reforestation using the von Thunen model as its starting point: land is allocated to the use which yields the highest rent, and the rents of various land uses are determined by location. Forest cover change therefore becomes a question of changes in rent of forest versus non-forest use. While this is a simple and powerful starting point, more intriguing issues arise when this is applied to analyze real cases. An initial shift in the rent of one particular land use generates feedbacks which affect the rent of all land uses. For example, a new technology in extensive agriculture should make this land use more profitable and lead to more forest clearing, but general equilibrium effects (changes in prices and local wages) can modify or even reverse this conclusion. Another issue is how a policy change or a shift in broader market, technological, and institutional forces will affect various land use rents. The paper deals with three such areas: technological progress in agriculture, land tenure regimes, and community forest management. The second part of the paper links the von Thunen framework to the forest transition theory. The forest transition theory describes a sequence over time where a forested region goes through a period of deforestation before the forest cover eventually stabilizes and starts to increase. This sequence can be seen as a systematic pattern of change in the agricultural and forest land rents over time. Increasing agricultural rent leads to high rates of deforestation. The slow-down of deforestation and eventual reforestation is due to lower agricultural rents (the economic development path) and higher forest rent (the forest scarcity path). Various forces leading to these changes are discussed and supported by empirical evidence from different tropical regions.

Common Property Resource Development --- Conceptual Framework --- Deforestation --- Economic Development --- Economic Theory and Research --- Economics --- Empirical Evidence --- Environment --- Environmental Economics and Policies --- Equilibrium --- Forest Management --- Forestry --- Forests and Forestry --- Labor --- Land --- Land Use --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Markets --- Poverty --- Prices --- Rural Development --- Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems --- Technological Change --- Technological Progress --- Technology --- Trade --- Wages

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American business has recently been under fire, charged with inflated pricing and an inability to compete in the international marketplace. However, the evidence presented in this volume shows that the business community has been unfairly maligned-official measures of inflation and the standard of living have failed to account for progress in the quality of business equipment and consumer goods. Businesses have actually achieved higher productivity at lower prices, and new goods are lighter, faster, more energy efficient, and more reliable than their predecessors. Robert J. Gordon has written the first full-scale work to treat the extent of quality changes over the entire range of durable goods, from autos to aircraft, computers to compressors, from televisions to tractors. He combines and extends existing methods of measurement, drawing data from industry sources, Consumer Reports, and the venerable Sears catalog. Beyond his important finding that the American economy is more sound than officially recognized, Gordon provides a wealth of anecdotes tracing the postwar history of technological progress. Bolstering his argument that improved quality must be accurately measured, Gordon notes, for example, that today's mid-range personal computers outperform the multimillion-dollar mainframes of the 1970's. This remarkable book will be essential reading for economists and those in the business community.

Prices --- United States --- Indices de prix --- Price indexes --- Prijsindexen --- Prijzen --- Prix --- 338.5 --- 338.528 --- Commercial products --- Commodity prices --- Justum pretium --- Price theory --- Consumption (Economics) --- Cost --- Costs, Industrial --- Money --- Cost and standard of living --- Supply and demand --- Value --- Wages --- Willingness to pay --- Price indices --- Index numbers (Economics) --- Prijsvorming. Prijskostenverhouding. Prijsbeweging. Prijsfluctuatie--macroeconomisch; prijsindex zie {336.748.12} --- 338.5 Prijsvorming. Prijskostenverhouding. Prijsbeweging. Prijsfluctuatie--macroeconomisch; prijsindex zie {336.748.12} --- E-books --- Price indexes. --- Prices. --- social sciences, american business, united states of america, usa, businesses, companies, inflation, inflated prices, pricing, competition, competing, internationalism, international markets, marketing, buying and selling, quality, equipment, productivity, consumer goods, efficient, efficiency, automobiles, cars, airlines, aircrafts, computers, technology, compressors, televisions, tvs, tractors, technological progress, costs. --- United States of America