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The discipline of Synthetic Biology has recently emerged at the interface of biology and engineering. The definition of Synthetic Biology has been dynamic over time ever since, which exemplifies that the field is rapidly moving and comprises a broad range of research areas. In the frame of this Research Topic, we focus on Synthetic Biology approaches that aim at rearranging biological parts/ entities in order to generate novel biochemical functions with inherent metabolic activity. This Research Topic encompasses Pathway Engineering in living systems as well as the in vitro assembly of biomolecules into nano- and microscale bioreactors. Both, the engineering of metabolic pathways in vivo, as well as the conceptualization of bioreactors in vitro, require rational design of assembled synthetic pathways and depend on careful selection of individual biological functions and their optimization. Mathematical modelling has proven to be a powerful tool in predicting metabolic flux in living and artificial systems, although modelling approaches have to cope with a limitation in experimentally verified, reliable input variables. This Research Topic puts special emphasis on the vital role of modelling approaches for Synthetic Biology, i.e. the predictive power of mathematical simulations for (i) the manipulation of existing pathways and (ii) the establishment of novel pathways in vivo as well as (iii) the translation of model predictions into the design of synthetic assemblies.

Metabolic Engineering --- reconstitution --- molecular dynamics simulations --- Membrane Transport Proteins --- Protein Engineering --- Protein scaffolds --- metabolite profiling --- Interaction domains --- Metabolic Modelling --- Starch biosynthesis

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The development of new plant varieties is a long and tedious process involving the generation of large seedling populations for the selection of the best individuals. While the ability of breeders to generate large populations is almost unlimited, the selection of these seedlings is the main factor limiting the generation of new cultivars. Molecular studies for the development of marker-assisted selection (MAS) strategies are particularly useful when the evaluation of the character is expensive, time-consuming, or with long juvenile periods. The papers published in the Special Issue "Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding" report highly novel results and testable new models for the integrative analysis of genetic (phenotyping and transmission of agronomic characters), physiology (flowering, ripening, organ development), genomic (DNA regions responsible for the different agronomic characters), transcriptomic (gene expression analysis of the characters), proteomic (proteins and enzymes involved in the expression of the characters), metabolomic (secondary metabolites), and epigenetic (DNA methylation and histone modifications) approaches for the development of new MAS strategies. These molecular approaches together with an increasingly accurate phenotyping will facilitate the breeding of new climate-resilient varieties resistant to abiotic and biotic stress, with suitable productivity and quality, to extend the adaptation and viability of the current varieties.

n/a --- GA2ox7 --- cabbage --- OsGPAT3 --- oleic acid --- OsCDPK1 --- nutrient use efficiency --- stem borer --- yellow-green-leaf mutant --- branching --- epigenetics --- NPK fertilizers --- particle bombardment --- stress tolerance --- overexpression --- glycine --- heat-stress --- bulk segregant RNA-seq --- Prunus --- protein-protein interaction --- AdRAP2.3 --- plant architecture --- waterlogging stress --- genes --- Cucumis sativus L. --- Flower color --- resistance --- Tobacco --- gynomonoecy --- drought stress --- Brassica oleracea --- starch biosynthesis --- Overexpression --- WUS --- agronomic traits --- Ghd7 --- the modified MutMap method --- cry2A gene --- light-induced --- gene expression --- breeding --- Heterodera schachtii --- ABA --- Green tissue-specific expression --- subcellular localization --- squamosa promoter binding protein-like --- transcriptome --- FAD2 --- As3+ stress --- metallothionein --- flowering --- bisulfite sequencing --- tomato --- quantitative trait loci --- Promoter --- marker–trait association --- DEGs --- cytoplasmic male sterile --- Rosa rugosa --- MADS transcription factor --- yield --- P. suffruticosa --- CYC2 --- common wild rice --- Actinidia deliciosa --- gene-by-gene interaction --- Aechmea fasciata --- hybrid rice --- soybean --- R2R3-MYB --- bread wheat --- BRANCHED1 (BRC1) --- linoleic acid --- differentially expressed genes --- complex traits --- transgenic chrysanthemum --- D-genome --- Brassica --- candidate gene --- SmJMT --- gene expression pattern --- RNA-Seq --- candidate genes --- leaf shape --- Brassica napus --- recombination-suppressed region --- anthocyanin --- WRKY transcription factor --- Idesia polycarpa var --- single nucleotide polymorphism --- bud abortion --- QTL --- reproductive organ --- transient overexpression --- Elongated Internode (EI) --- sugarcane --- abiotic stress --- Oryza sativa L. --- RrGT2 gene --- Hd1 --- cZR3 --- cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) --- seed development --- tapetum --- near-isogenic line (NIL) --- phytohormones --- TCP transcription factor --- pollen accumulation --- Anthocyanin --- WRKY --- quantitative trait loci (QTLs) --- salt stress --- floral scent --- sucrose --- Ogura-CMS --- root traits --- endosperm development --- Zea mays L. --- sesame --- Bryum argenteum --- AP2/ERF genes --- transcriptional regulation --- WB1 --- haplotype block --- broccoli --- agronomic efficiency --- durum wheat --- gene pyramiding --- Oryza sativa --- genetics --- flowering time --- Cicer arietinum --- Hs1pro-1 --- endosperm appearance --- phenolic acids --- anther wall --- bromeliad --- genomics --- transgenic --- DgWRKY2 --- Clone --- yield trait --- flower symmetry --- partial factor productivity --- rice --- molecular breeding --- genotyping-by-sequencing --- Chimonanthus praecox --- nectary --- Salvia miltiorrhiza --- pollen development --- regulation --- ZmES22 --- genome-wide association study --- VIGS --- iTRAQ --- genome-wide association study (GWAS) --- ethylene-responsive factor --- starch --- molecular markers --- rice quality --- Chrysanthemum morifolium --- marker-trait association