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“Artisan” has become a buzzword in the developed world, used for items like cheese, wine, and baskets, as corporations succeed at branding their cheap, mass-produced products with the popular appeal of small-batch, handmade goods. The unforgiving realities of the artisan economy, however, never left the global south, and anthropologists have worried over the fate of resilient craftspeople as global capitalism remade their cultural and economic lives. Yet artisans are proving to be surprisingly vital players in contemporary capitalism, as they interlock innovation and tradition to create effective new forms of entrepreneurship. Based on seven years of extensive research in Colombia and Ecuador, veteran ethnographers Jason Antrosio and Rudi Colloredo-Mansfeld’s Fast, Easy, and In Cash explores how small-scale production and global capitalism are not directly opposed, but rather are essential partners in economic development. Antrosio and Colloredo-Mansfeld demonstrate how artisan trades evolve in modern Latin American communities. In uncertain economies, small manufacturers have adapted to excel at home-based production, design, technological efficiency, and investments. Vivid case studies illuminate this process: peasant farmers in Túquerres, Otavalo weavers, Tigua painters, and the t-shirt industry of Atuntaqui. Fast, Easy, and In Cash exposes how these ambitious artisans, far from being holdovers from the past, are crucial for capitalist innovation in their communities and provide indispensable lessons in how we should understand and cultivate local economies in this era of globalization.

Artisans --- Artisans --- Cottage industries --- Economic conditions. --- Andes Region --- Economic conditions --- economic policy, development, growth economics, artisans, cheese, wine, baskets, branding, marketing, sales, big business, handmade goods, cultural anthropology, entrepreneurship, ecuador, colombia, small-scale production, global capitalism, artisan trades, latin american communities, small manufacturers, home-based, technological efficiency, investments, case studies, peasant farmers, otavalo weavers, tigua painters, t-shirt industry, local economies, globalization.

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This volume collects the papers published on the special issue “Kinematics and Robot Design IV, KaRD2021” (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/robotics/special_issues/KaRD2021), which is the forth edition of the KaRD special-issue series, hosted by the open-access journal “MDPI Robotics”. KaRD series is an open environment where researchers can present their works and discuss all the topics focused on the many aspects that involve kinematics in the design of robotic/automatic systems. Kinematics is so intimately related to the design of robotic/automatic systems that the admitted topics of the KaRD series practically cover all the subjects normally present in well-established international conferences on “mechanisms and robotics”. KaRD2021, after the peer-review process, accepted 12 papers. The accepted papers cover some theoretical and many design/applicative aspects.

parallel manipulator --- RoboMech --- kinematic synthesis and analysis --- Chebyshev and least-square approximations --- upper limb rehabilitation --- bio-inspired exoskeleton --- cable-driven system --- over-actuation --- Hill’s model --- EP control --- torque adjusting mechanism --- differential evolution --- robot modeling and simulation --- robot design --- dynamic modelling --- rehabilitation robotics --- computational modelling --- simulation --- MATLAB --- Simulink --- SimScape --- SimScape Multibody --- finger grip --- elderly --- ergonomics --- pinch assistant --- pinch force --- usability --- planar linkages --- indeterminate linkages --- screw theory --- collaborative robots --- small-scale production --- skill-based programming --- machine design --- dimensional synthesis --- useful workspace --- performance index --- kinetostatics --- biomimetics --- underwater robots --- robotics --- multibody systems --- transmission systems --- autonomous underwater vehicles --- kinematic synthesis of robots --- mixed-position synthesis --- twist systems --- functional electrical stimulation --- six-bar linkage --- Watt II --- Stephenson III --- performance tricycle --- mechanism optimization --- kinematics --- topology --- design optimization --- dexterity --- inspection

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Today's wine industry is characterized by regional differences not only in the wines themselves but also in the business models by which these wines are produced, marketed, and distributed. In Old World countries such as France, Spain, and Italy, small family vineyards and cooperative wineries abound. In New World regions like the United States and Australia, the industry is dominated by a handful of very large producers. This is the first book to trace the economic and historical forces that gave rise to very distinctive regional approaches to creating wine. James Simpson shows how the wine industry was transformed in the decades leading up to the First World War. Population growth, rising wages, and the railways all contributed to soaring European consumption even as many vineyards were decimated by the vine disease phylloxera. At the same time, new technologies led to a major shift in production away from Europe's traditional winemaking regions. Small family producers in Europe developed institutions such as regional appellations and cooperatives to protect their commercial interests as large integrated companies built new markets in America and elsewhere. Simpson examines how Old and New World producers employed diverging strategies to adapt to the changing global wine industry. Creating Wine includes chapters on Europe's cheap commodity wine industry; the markets for sherry, port, claret, and champagne; and the new wine industries in California, Australia, and Argentina.

Wine industry --- Wine and wine making --- Enology --- Oenology --- Vinification --- Wines --- Alcoholic beverages --- Grape products --- Fruit wines --- Viticulture --- Alcoholic beverage industry --- History --- E-books --- History. --- 1855 classification. --- American wine industry. --- American wine. --- Anglo-Portuguese Commercial Treaty. --- Argentina. --- Argentinian wine industry. --- Australia. --- Australian commodity chain. --- Australian wine industry. --- Australian wine. --- Bordeaux. --- Britain. --- British ports. --- British wine market. --- CWA. --- California Wine Association. --- California. --- Californian wine. --- Douro valley. --- France. --- French wine. --- Gilbeys. --- Gironde. --- Jerez. --- Midi. --- New World producers. --- New World wine. --- Porto. --- Portugal. --- Spain. --- Victoria Wine Company. --- World War I. --- brand names. --- champagne houses. --- champagne producers. --- champagne. --- cheap ports. --- cheap wines. --- claret. --- commercial relations. --- dessert wines. --- distribution network. --- dry table wine. --- dry wines. --- economic agents. --- family businesses. --- family retailer. --- fine wines. --- fraud. --- grape growing. --- grape production. --- grapes. --- imitation wines. --- international wine trade. --- market organization. --- marketing costs. --- mass market. --- organizational change. --- phylloxera vastatrix. --- phylloxera. --- port wine. --- port. --- product quality. --- railways. --- regional appellation. --- regional appellations. --- regional cooperatives. --- scientific viticulture. --- self-regulation. --- sherry. --- small farmers. --- small growers. --- small-scale production. --- traditional wine producers. --- transportation. --- vineyards. --- viticulture. --- wine adulteration. --- wine boom. --- wine consumption. --- wine cooperatives. --- wine export. --- wine industry. --- wine making. --- wine market. --- wine marketing. --- wine prices. --- wine production. --- wine quality. --- wineries.