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Liquid crystals (LCs) were discovered more than a century ago, and were, for a long time, treated as a physical curiosity, until the development of flat panel screens and display devices caused a revolution in the information display industry, and in fact in society. There would be no mobile phones without liquid crystals, no flat screen TVs or computer monitors, no virtual reality, just to name a few of the applications that have changed our whole world of vision and perception. All of these inventions are based on liquid crystals that are formed through a change in temperature, thermotropic LCs. However, there is another form of liquid crystals, described even earlier, yet much less talked about; the lyotropic liquid crystals that occur through the change of concentration of some molecules in a solvent. These are found in abundance in nature, making up the cell membranes, and are used extensively in the food, detergents and cosmetics industries. In this collection of articles by experts in their respective research areas, we bring together some of the most recent and innovative aspects of lyotropic liquid crystals, which we believe will drive future research and set novel trends in this field.

Lyotropic liquid crystals --- uniaxial nematic phase --- biaxial nematic phase --- stabilization of nematic phases --- micelle --- surfactants --- chromonics --- structure --- physico-chemical properties --- rods --- curved surface --- Potts --- liquid crystal --- graphene oxide --- lyotropic --- colloid --- nematic --- lyotropic liquid crystals --- SmC* phase --- chirality --- ferroelectricity --- hydrogen bonds --- hydration forces --- cellulose nanocrystals --- hydroxypropyl cellulose --- chiral nematic --- cholesteric liquid crystals --- colloidal suspensions --- kinetic arrest --- gelation --- glass formation --- coffee-ring effect --- bragg reflection --- chromonic --- amphiphilic --- colloidal --- application --- biaxial nematic transition --- field behavior --- diluted nematic systems --- lyotropic liquid crystal --- nanomaterial --- mesogen --- phase behavior

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Liquid crystals (LCs) were discovered more than a century ago, and were, for a long time, treated as a physical curiosity, until the development of flat panel screens and display devices caused a revolution in the information display industry, and in fact in society. There would be no mobile phones without liquid crystals, no flat screen TVs or computer monitors, no virtual reality, just to name a few of the applications that have changed our whole world of vision and perception. All of these inventions are based on liquid crystals that are formed through a change in temperature, thermotropic LCs. However, there is another form of liquid crystals, described even earlier, yet much less talked about; the lyotropic liquid crystals that occur through the change of concentration of some molecules in a solvent. These are found in abundance in nature, making up the cell membranes, and are used extensively in the food, detergents and cosmetics industries. In this collection of articles by experts in their respective research areas, we bring together some of the most recent and innovative aspects of lyotropic liquid crystals, which we believe will drive future research and set novel trends in this field.

Research & information: general --- Lyotropic liquid crystals --- uniaxial nematic phase --- biaxial nematic phase --- stabilization of nematic phases --- micelle --- surfactants --- chromonics --- structure --- physico-chemical properties --- rods --- curved surface --- Potts --- liquid crystal --- graphene oxide --- lyotropic --- colloid --- nematic --- lyotropic liquid crystals --- SmC* phase --- chirality --- ferroelectricity --- hydrogen bonds --- hydration forces --- cellulose nanocrystals --- hydroxypropyl cellulose --- chiral nematic --- cholesteric liquid crystals --- colloidal suspensions --- kinetic arrest --- gelation --- glass formation --- coffee-ring effect --- bragg reflection --- chromonic --- amphiphilic --- colloidal --- application --- biaxial nematic transition --- field behavior --- diluted nematic systems --- lyotropic liquid crystal --- nanomaterial --- mesogen --- phase behavior

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This Special Issue is result of a call for papers of the Section Industrial Crystallization of MDPI’s scientific journal Crystals. It addresses scientists and engineers active in research and process & product development in life-science industries (e.g. pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals and biotechnology products) and bulk chemical applications (e.g. desalination) as well. The contributions comprise several fundamental and application-oriented facets of crystallization providing an overview of industrially relevant subjects in the field. Main issues cover phase equilibria and solid-state behavior of crystalline compounds, crystal shape and size and related measurement techniques. Melt and solution crystallization are considered specifically addressing contemporary aspects of continuous crystallization and process intensification.

K-MER zeolite --- synthesis parameter --- morphology --- cyanoethylation of methanol --- catalyst --- multi-dendrite motion --- CA-LBM model --- dendritic growth --- natural convection --- numerical simulation --- melt crystallization --- freeze crystallization (FC) --- recycling --- ionic liquid (IL) --- solid–liquid equilibrium --- cellulose --- nanocrystals --- modification --- poly(butylene succinate) --- crystallization --- kinetics --- chirality --- deracemization --- preferential crystallization --- racemic conglomerate --- phase behavior --- polymorphism --- aryl glycerol ethers --- spherical BaTiO3 nanoparticle --- hydrothermal synthesis --- nanoscale TiO2 seed --- crystal growth --- dielectric property --- curcumin --- purification --- ternary mixture of curcuminoids --- reverse osmosis --- membrane fouling --- gypsum scaling --- fluorescent-tagged polyacrylate --- fluorescence --- scale inhibition mechanisms --- solvent effect --- crystal habit --- aspect ratio --- molecular dynamics (MD) --- surface structure --- amine --- biocatalysis --- enzyme --- process intensification --- enantioselective --- fluidized bed --- continuous --- chiral separation --- racemate resolution --- enantiomer --- asparagine monohydrate --- fine chemicals --- continuous crystallization --- crystal shape --- process design --- DTB crystallizer --- scale up --- L-serine --- L-alanine --- enantiomers --- isomorphic miscibility --- thermal expansion --- PXRD --- TRPXRD --- optical measurement techniques --- crystal size measurement --- inline probe --- crystal needles --- microcrystals --- microplate --- grid scanning --- in situ data collection --- n/a --- solid-liquid equilibrium

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The use of lipid-based nanosystems, including lipid nanoparticles (solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC)), nanoemulsions, and liposomes, among others, is widespread. Several researchers have described the advantages of different applications of these nanosystems. For instance, they can increase the targeting and bioavailability of drugs, improving therapeutic effects. Their use in the cosmetic field is also promising, owing to their moisturizing properties and ability to protect labile cosmetic actives. Thus, it is surprising that only a few lipid-based nanosystems have reached the market. This can be explained by the strict regulatory requirements of medicines and the occurrence of unexpected in vivo failure, which highlights the need to conduct more preclinical studies.Current research is focused on testing the in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo efficacy of lipid-based nanosystems to predict their clinical performance. However, there is a lack of method validation, which compromises the comparison between different studies.This book brings together the latest research and reviews that report on in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo preclinical studies using lipid-based nanosystems. Readers can find up-to-date information on the most common experiments performed to predict the clinical behavior of lipid-based nanosystems. A series of 15 research articles and a review are presented, with authors from 15 different countries, which demonstrates the universality of the investigations that have been carried out in this area.

Technology: general issues --- nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) --- formulation optimization --- rivastigmine --- quality by design (QbD) --- nasal route --- nose-to-brain --- N-alkylisatin --- liposome --- urokinase plasminogen activator --- PAI-2 --- SerpinB2 --- breast cancer --- liposomes --- target delivery nanosystem --- FZD10 protein --- colon cancer therapy --- supersaturation --- silica-lipid hybrid --- spray drying --- lipolysis --- lipid-based formulation --- fenofibrate --- mesoporous silica --- oral drug delivery --- hyaluronic acid --- drug release --- light activation --- stability --- mobility --- biocorona --- dissolution enhancement --- phospholipids --- solid dosage forms --- porous microparticles --- nanoemulsion(s) --- phase-behavior --- DoE --- D-optimal design --- vegetable oils --- non-ionic surfactants --- efavirenz --- flaxseed oil --- nanostructured lipid carriers --- nanocarrier --- docohexaenoic acid --- neuroprotection --- neuroinflammation --- fluconazole --- Box‒Behnken design --- nanotransfersome --- ulcer index --- zone of inhibition --- rheological behavior --- ex vivo permeation --- nanomedicine --- cancer --- doxorubicin --- melanoma --- drug delivery --- ultrasound contrast agents --- phospholipid coating --- ligand distribution --- cholesterol --- acoustic response --- microbubble --- lipid phase --- dialysis --- ammonia --- intoxication --- cyanocobalamin --- vitamin B12 --- atopic dermatitis --- psoriasis --- transferosomes --- lipid vesicles --- skin topical delivery --- oligonucleotide --- self-emulsifying drug delivery systems --- hydrophobic ion pairing --- intestinal permeation enhancers --- Caco-2 monolayer --- clarithromycin --- solid lipid nanoparticles --- optimization --- permeation --- pharmacokinetics --- follicular targeting --- dexamethasone --- alopecia areata --- lipomers --- lipid polymer hybrid nanocapsules --- biodistribution --- skin --- ethyl cellulose --- n/a

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The use of lipid-based nanosystems, including lipid nanoparticles (solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC)), nanoemulsions, and liposomes, among others, is widespread. Several researchers have described the advantages of different applications of these nanosystems. For instance, they can increase the targeting and bioavailability of drugs, improving therapeutic effects. Their use in the cosmetic field is also promising, owing to their moisturizing properties and ability to protect labile cosmetic actives. Thus, it is surprising that only a few lipid-based nanosystems have reached the market. This can be explained by the strict regulatory requirements of medicines and the occurrence of unexpected in vivo failure, which highlights the need to conduct more preclinical studies.Current research is focused on testing the in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo efficacy of lipid-based nanosystems to predict their clinical performance. However, there is a lack of method validation, which compromises the comparison between different studies.This book brings together the latest research and reviews that report on in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo preclinical studies using lipid-based nanosystems. Readers can find up-to-date information on the most common experiments performed to predict the clinical behavior of lipid-based nanosystems. A series of 15 research articles and a review are presented, with authors from 15 different countries, which demonstrates the universality of the investigations that have been carried out in this area.

Technology: general issues --- nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) --- formulation optimization --- rivastigmine --- quality by design (QbD) --- nasal route --- nose-to-brain --- N-alkylisatin --- liposome --- urokinase plasminogen activator --- PAI-2 --- SerpinB2 --- breast cancer --- liposomes --- target delivery nanosystem --- FZD10 protein --- colon cancer therapy --- supersaturation --- silica-lipid hybrid --- spray drying --- lipolysis --- lipid-based formulation --- fenofibrate --- mesoporous silica --- oral drug delivery --- hyaluronic acid --- drug release --- light activation --- stability --- mobility --- biocorona --- dissolution enhancement --- phospholipids --- solid dosage forms --- porous microparticles --- nanoemulsion(s) --- phase-behavior --- DoE --- D-optimal design --- vegetable oils --- non-ionic surfactants --- efavirenz --- flaxseed oil --- nanostructured lipid carriers --- nanocarrier --- docohexaenoic acid --- neuroprotection --- neuroinflammation --- fluconazole --- Box‒Behnken design --- nanotransfersome --- ulcer index --- zone of inhibition --- rheological behavior --- ex vivo permeation --- nanomedicine --- cancer --- doxorubicin --- melanoma --- drug delivery --- ultrasound contrast agents --- phospholipid coating --- ligand distribution --- cholesterol --- acoustic response --- microbubble --- lipid phase --- dialysis --- ammonia --- intoxication --- cyanocobalamin --- vitamin B12 --- atopic dermatitis --- psoriasis --- transferosomes --- lipid vesicles --- skin topical delivery --- oligonucleotide --- self-emulsifying drug delivery systems --- hydrophobic ion pairing --- intestinal permeation enhancers --- Caco-2 monolayer --- clarithromycin --- solid lipid nanoparticles --- optimization --- permeation --- pharmacokinetics --- follicular targeting --- dexamethasone --- alopecia areata --- lipomers --- lipid polymer hybrid nanocapsules --- biodistribution --- skin --- ethyl cellulose