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Against Massacre looks at the rise of humanitarian intervention in the nineteenth century, from the fall of Napoleon to the First World War. Examining the concept from a historical perspective, Davide Rodogno explores the understudied cases of European interventions and noninterventions in the Ottoman Empire and brings a new view to this international practice for the contemporary era. While it is commonly believed that humanitarian interventions are a fairly recent development, Rodogno demonstrates that almost two centuries ago an international community, under the aegis of certain European powers, claimed a moral and political right to intervene in other states' affairs to save strangers from massacre, atrocity, or extermination. On some occasions, these powers acted to protect fellow Christians when allegedly "uncivilized" states, like the Ottoman Empire, violated a "right to life." Exploring the political, legal, and moral status, as well as European perceptions, of the Ottoman Empire, Rodogno investigates the reasons that were put forward to exclude the Ottomans from the so-called Family of Nations. He considers the claims and mixed motives of intervening states for aiding humanity, the relationship between public outcry and state action or inaction, and the bias and selectiveness of governments and campaigners. An original account of humanitarian interventions some two centuries ago, Against Massacre investigates the varied consequences of European involvement in the Ottoman Empire and the lessons that can be learned for similar actions today.

History of Southern Europe --- Humanitarian assistance, European --- European humanitarian assistance --- History --- Turkey --- Ottoman Empire --- History of Asia --- anno 1900-1909 --- anno 1800-1899 --- Turkey. --- History&delete& --- Armenian Question. --- Armenians. --- Battle of Navarino. --- Belgium. --- Bosnia and Herzegovina. --- Capitulations. --- Cold War. --- Concert of Europe. --- Conference of Constantinople. --- Congo Free State. --- Congress of Berlin. --- Cretan Christians. --- Crete. --- Eastern Question. --- Eastern crisis. --- Egypt. --- Europe. --- Family of Nations. --- France. --- Great Britain. --- Greco-Ottoman War. --- Greece. --- Islam. --- Lebanon. --- Macedonia. --- Macedonian Question. --- Morea. --- Mount Lebanon. --- Ottoman Christians. --- Ottoman Empire. --- Ottoman Greece. --- Paris Conference. --- Philhellenes. --- Rumelia. --- Russo-Turkish War. --- Syria. --- The Responsibility to Protect. --- Third Marquess of Salisbury. --- armed intervention. --- atrocity. --- corruption. --- despotism. --- extermination. --- human rights. --- humanitarian intervention. --- humanitarianism. --- humanity. --- insurgency. --- insurrection. --- international peace. --- international relations. --- international security. --- legal doctrine. --- massacre. --- military intervention. --- military occupation. --- nationalism. --- nonintervention. --- polygamy. --- public opinion. --- reforms. --- refugees. --- rescue. --- rights. --- slavery. --- state action. --- state inaction. --- terrorist attacks. --- uprisings. --- victims. --- Ottoman Empire, 1288-1918

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Throughout the twentieth century, the U.S. government willingly deployed power, hard and soft, to protect American investments all around the globe. Why did the United States get into the business of defending its citizens' property rights abroad? The Empire Trap looks at how modern U.S. involvement in the empire business began, how American foreign policy became increasingly tied to the sway of private financial interests, and how postwar administrations finally extricated the United States from economic interventionism, even though the government had the will and power to continue. Noel Maurer examines the ways that American investors initially influenced their government to intercede to protect investments in locations such as Central America and the Caribbean. Costs were small--at least at the outset--but with each incremental step, American policy became increasingly entangled with the goals of those they were backing, making disengagement more difficult. Maurer discusses how, all the way through the 1970s, the United States not only failed to resist pressure to defend American investments, but also remained unsuccessful at altering internal institutions of other countries in order to make property rights secure in the absence of active American involvement. Foreign nations expropriated American investments, but in almost every case the U.S. government's employment of economic sanctions or covert action obtained market value or more in compensation--despite the growing strategic risks. The advent of institutions focusing on international arbitration finally gave the executive branch a credible political excuse not to act. Maurer cautions that these institutions are now under strain and that a collapse might open the empire trap once more. With shrewd and timely analysis, this book considers American patterns of foreign intervention and the nation's changing role as an imperial power.

Right of property --- Americans --- American property --- Investments, American --- Imperialism --- Colonialism --- Empires --- Expansion (United States politics) --- Neocolonialism --- Political science --- Anti-imperialist movements --- Caesarism --- Chauvinism and jingoism --- Militarism --- American investments --- Property, American --- Alien property --- Americans in foreign countries --- Ownership of property --- Private ownership of property, Right of --- Private property, Right of --- Property, Right of --- Property rights --- Right of private ownership of property --- Right of private property --- Right to property --- Civil rights --- Property --- History --- Law and legislation --- United States --- Foreign economic relations. --- Foreign relations --- Politics and government --- E-books --- Foreign property --- Investments, American - History - 20th century --- United States - Foreign economic relations --- United States - Foreign relations - 20th century --- United States - Politics and government - 20th century --- 1900 imbroglio. --- American advisers. --- American court. --- American empire. --- American foreign policy. --- American government. --- American interests. --- American investments. --- American investors. --- American pressure. --- American property rights. --- American property. --- American protection. --- Calvin Coolidge. --- Caribbean. --- Central America. --- Cold War empire. --- Cold War. --- Communist expansion. --- Cuba. --- Democrats. --- Dominican Republic. --- Eisenhower. --- European court. --- Franklin Roosevelt. --- Great Depression. --- Herbert Hoover. --- Kennedy expansion. --- Latin America. --- Latin American governments. --- Liberia. --- McKinley administration. --- Philippines. --- Second World War. --- Soviet Union. --- Soviet bloc. --- Theodore Roosevelt. --- U.S. economy. --- U.S. foreign investors. --- U.S. government. --- U.S. territory. --- United States. --- Warren Harding. --- West Africa. --- Woodrow Wilson. --- aid programs. --- anti-imperialism. --- anti-imperialists. --- arbitration judgments. --- circum-Caribbean. --- communist expansion. --- creditors. --- direct investors. --- domestic political costs. --- economic interventionism. --- empire trap. --- fair compensation. --- fiscal receiverships. --- foreign aid. --- foreign debt. --- foreign government. --- foreign governments. --- foreign nations. --- human rights. --- imperial expansion. --- imperialism. --- international tribunals. --- intervention policy. --- interventionism. --- national integrity. --- nonintervention. --- political innovations. --- political instability. --- political stability. --- politicized confrontations. --- pre-Depression era. --- private investors. --- property rights. --- republican administrations. --- sovereign immunity. --- trade controls. --- Politics and government.