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Drug metabolism/pharmacokinetics and drug interaction studies have been extensively carried out in order to secure the druggability and safety of new chemical entities throughout the development of new drugs. Recently, drug metabolism and transport by phase II drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters, respectively, as well as phase I drug metabolizing enzymes, have been studied. A combination of biochemical advances in the function and regulation of drug metabolizing enzymes and automated analytical technologies are revolutionizing drug metabolism research. There are also potential drug–drug interactions with co-administered drugs due to inhibition and/or induction of drug metabolic enzymes and drug transporters. In addition, drug interaction studies have been actively performed to develop substrate cocktails that do not interfere with each other and a simultaneous analytical method of substrate drugs and their metabolites using a tandem mass spectrometer. This Special Issue has the aim of highlighting current progress in drug metabolism/pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, and bioanalysis.

human liver microsomes --- alcohol addiction --- UGT --- ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography --- adalimumab --- procainamide --- LC-MS/MS --- DA-9805 --- paeonol --- LC-QTOF-MS/MS --- YRA-1909 --- chlorogenic acid --- immunoprecipitation --- Eurycoma longifolia --- CYP --- caffeic acid --- rat --- pharmaceutical excipient --- Korean red ginseng extract --- Stauntonia hexaphylla leaf extract --- bioanalysis --- HPLC-MS/MS --- B6 --- eurycomanone --- bioavailability --- drying technology --- GB3 --- diclofenac --- 129-Glatm1Kul/J --- aglycone --- caffeic acid O-glucuronides --- organic anion transporting polypeptide --- protein precipitation --- metabolic stability --- Fabry disease --- biopharmaceuticals --- imperatorin --- neochlorogenic acid --- gastric ulcer --- saikosaponin a --- hair --- anthraquinone --- acetyl tributyl citrate --- pharmacokinetics --- brain distribution --- mematine --- ethyl glucuronide --- pharmacokinetic --- loxoprofen --- liquid chromatography-quadrupole TOF MS --- glucuronidation --- esomeprazole --- metformin --- cytochrome P450 --- glycoside --- AUDIT score --- protein stability --- efficacy --- LC-HR/MS --- cryptochlorogenic acid --- aceclofenac --- drug interaction --- liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry --- Osthenol --- plasma --- N-acetylprocainamide --- diabetes --- Drugs --- Metabolism. --- Drug metabolism --- Pharmacokinetics

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Drug–drug interactions (DDIs) cause a drug to affect other drugs, leading to reduced drug efficacy or increased toxicity of the affected drug. Some well-known interactions are known to be the cause of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) that are life threatening to the patient. Traditionally, DDI have been evaluated around the selective action of drugs on specific CYP enzymes. The interaction of drugs with CYP remains very important in drug interactions but, recently, other important mechanisms have also been studied as contributing to drug interaction including transport- or UDP-glucuronyltransferase as a Phase II reaction-mediated DDI. In addition, novel mechanisms of regulating DDIs can also be suggested. In the case of the substance targeted for interaction, not only the DDIs but also the herb–drug or food–drug interactions have been reported to be clinically relevant in terms of adverse side effects. Reporting examples of drug interactions on a marketed drug or studies on new mechanisms will be very helpful for preventing the side effects of the patient taking these drugs. This Special Issue aims to highlight current progress in understanding both the clinical and nonclinical interactions of commercial drugs and the elucidation of the mechanisms of drug interactions.

tadalafil --- ticagrelor --- drug-drug interaction --- pharmacokinetics --- plasma concentration --- CYP3A4 --- Loxoprofen --- CYP3A --- Dexamethasone --- Ketoconazole --- CYP2D6 --- O-desmethyltramadol --- physiologically-based pharmacokinetics --- tramadol --- (‒)-sophoranone --- CYP2C9 --- potent inhibition --- in vitro --- in vivo --- drug interaction --- low permeability --- high plasma protein binding --- biflavonoid --- cytochrome P450 --- drug interactions --- selamariscina A --- uridine 5′-diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase --- tissue-specific --- systemic exposure --- P-glycoprotein (P-gp) --- organic anion transporting polypeptide 1A2 (OATP1A2) --- Rumex acetosa --- fexofenadine --- chronic kidney disease --- drug–drug interactions --- polypharmacy --- adverse drug reactions --- Lexicomp --- subset analysis --- signal detection algorithms --- spontaneous reporting systems --- mechanism-based inhibition --- competitive inhibition --- non-competitive inhibition --- substrate --- inhibitor --- cytochromes P450 --- OATP1B1 --- OATP1B3 --- tyrosine kinase inhibitors --- drug-drug interactions --- migraine --- lasmiditan --- gepants --- monoclonal antibodies --- CYP1A1 --- CYP1A2 --- drug–drug interaction --- expression --- metabolism --- regulation --- drug transporter --- ubiquitination --- ixazomib --- DDI --- computational prediction --- in silico --- QSAR --- drug metabolism --- ADME --- CYP --- metabolic DDI --- P450 --- 1A2 --- 2B6 --- 2C19 --- 2C8 --- 2C9 --- 2D6 --- 3A4

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Drug–drug interactions (DDIs) cause a drug to affect other drugs, leading to reduced drug efficacy or increased toxicity of the affected drug. Some well-known interactions are known to be the cause of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) that are life threatening to the patient. Traditionally, DDI have been evaluated around the selective action of drugs on specific CYP enzymes. The interaction of drugs with CYP remains very important in drug interactions but, recently, other important mechanisms have also been studied as contributing to drug interaction including transport- or UDP-glucuronyltransferase as a Phase II reaction-mediated DDI. In addition, novel mechanisms of regulating DDIs can also be suggested. In the case of the substance targeted for interaction, not only the DDIs but also the herb–drug or food–drug interactions have been reported to be clinically relevant in terms of adverse side effects. Reporting examples of drug interactions on a marketed drug or studies on new mechanisms will be very helpful for preventing the side effects of the patient taking these drugs. This Special Issue aims to highlight current progress in understanding both the clinical and nonclinical interactions of commercial drugs and the elucidation of the mechanisms of drug interactions.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- tadalafil --- ticagrelor --- drug-drug interaction --- pharmacokinetics --- plasma concentration --- CYP3A4 --- Loxoprofen --- CYP3A --- Dexamethasone --- Ketoconazole --- CYP2D6 --- O-desmethyltramadol --- physiologically-based pharmacokinetics --- tramadol --- (‒)-sophoranone --- CYP2C9 --- potent inhibition --- in vitro --- in vivo --- drug interaction --- low permeability --- high plasma protein binding --- biflavonoid --- cytochrome P450 --- drug interactions --- selamariscina A --- uridine 5′-diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase --- tissue-specific --- systemic exposure --- P-glycoprotein (P-gp) --- organic anion transporting polypeptide 1A2 (OATP1A2) --- Rumex acetosa --- fexofenadine --- chronic kidney disease --- drug–drug interactions --- polypharmacy --- adverse drug reactions --- Lexicomp --- subset analysis --- signal detection algorithms --- spontaneous reporting systems --- mechanism-based inhibition --- competitive inhibition --- non-competitive inhibition --- substrate --- inhibitor --- cytochromes P450 --- OATP1B1 --- OATP1B3 --- tyrosine kinase inhibitors --- drug-drug interactions --- migraine --- lasmiditan --- gepants --- monoclonal antibodies --- CYP1A1 --- CYP1A2 --- drug–drug interaction --- expression --- metabolism --- regulation --- drug transporter --- ubiquitination --- ixazomib --- DDI --- computational prediction --- in silico --- QSAR --- drug metabolism --- ADME --- CYP --- metabolic DDI --- P450 --- 1A2 --- 2B6 --- 2C19 --- 2C8 --- 2C9 --- 2D6 --- 3A4 --- tadalafil --- ticagrelor --- drug-drug interaction --- pharmacokinetics --- plasma concentration --- CYP3A4 --- Loxoprofen --- CYP3A --- Dexamethasone --- Ketoconazole --- CYP2D6 --- O-desmethyltramadol --- physiologically-based pharmacokinetics --- tramadol --- (‒)-sophoranone --- CYP2C9 --- potent inhibition --- in vitro --- in vivo --- drug interaction --- low permeability --- high plasma protein binding --- biflavonoid --- cytochrome P450 --- drug interactions --- selamariscina A --- uridine 5′-diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase --- tissue-specific --- systemic exposure --- P-glycoprotein (P-gp) --- organic anion transporting polypeptide 1A2 (OATP1A2) --- Rumex acetosa --- fexofenadine --- chronic kidney disease --- drug–drug interactions --- polypharmacy --- adverse drug reactions --- Lexicomp --- subset analysis --- signal detection algorithms --- spontaneous reporting systems --- mechanism-based inhibition --- competitive inhibition --- non-competitive inhibition --- substrate --- inhibitor --- cytochromes P450 --- OATP1B1 --- OATP1B3 --- tyrosine kinase inhibitors --- drug-drug interactions --- migraine --- lasmiditan --- gepants --- monoclonal antibodies --- CYP1A1 --- CYP1A2 --- drug–drug interaction --- expression --- metabolism --- regulation --- drug transporter --- ubiquitination --- ixazomib --- DDI --- computational prediction --- in silico --- QSAR --- drug metabolism --- ADME --- CYP --- metabolic DDI --- P450 --- 1A2 --- 2B6 --- 2C19 --- 2C8 --- 2C9 --- 2D6 --- 3A4