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The systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) occurs in response to an injury to stimulate the host defences in a coordinated fashion. This syndrome is mediated by the activation of endocrine and cytokines networks, may lead to muscle proteolysis and atrophy. Although the mechanisms involved in SIRS-induced muscle atrophy are not well established, the decrease in muscular expression of the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), an anabolic growth factor for muscle, observed in SIRS suggests that IGF-I might play a role. Therefore, the goal of our present work was to investigate whether the reduction of IGF-I muscle levels is responsible for the activation of the genes involved in SIRS-induced muscle atrophy.
First, we characterized the SIRS-induced muscle atrophy model in rats. LPS injection was used to study the first stages of the common inflammatory response syndrome that leads to muscle catabolism in sepsis. In our model, the atrophy is characterized by a diminution of the myofibrillar proteins levels, explained by the activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome and the lysosomial systems, as illustrated by the increased mRNAs of several genes of these two proteolytic systems. Furthermore, our work showed that the induction of these genes is probably mediated by the activation of the transcription factor Foxo3a, which is normally inhibited by IGF-I.
Secondly, we investigated whether the muscle overexpression of IGF-I prevents the induction of the genes involved in SIRS-induced muscle atrophy. To respond to this question, we used transgenic mice which overexpress IGF-I specifically in skeletal muscle (mTr-IGF-I mice). According to our hypothesis, the overexpression of IGF-I in these mice should prevent the activation of the genes involved on SIRS-induced muscle atrophy. Surprisingly, our work showed that the LPS injection activates the genes involved in SIRS-induced muscle atrophy without reduction of the muscle expression of IGF-I. Furthermore, our results indicated that the muscle overexpression of IGF-I doesn’t prevent the induction of the genes of proteolytic systems involved in SIRS-induced muscle atrophy. The absence of prevention of the activation of the genes involved in SIRS-induced muscle atrophy could probably be explained by the absence of reduction of Foxo3a in the mTr-IGF-I mice after LPS injection.
To conclude, the overexpression of IGF-I doesn’t prevent the activation of the genes involved in SIRS-induced muscle atrophy. This work indicates therefore that mediators other than IGF-I, in particular TNFα (by the transcription factor NFκB) or glucocorticoids, might be involved in the activation of the SIRS-induced muscle atrophy Le syndrome de réaction inflammatoire systémique (SIRS) est déclenché en réponse à une agression. Son but est de stimuler de façon coordonnée les mécanismes de défense de l’organisme. Il est médié par l’activation de cytokines et du système endocrinien. Le SIRS s’accompagne d’une protéolyse accélérée de la masse musculaire menant à l’atrophie. Bien que les mécanismes responsables de l’atrophie musculaire induite par le SIRS soient encore mal connus, cette atrophie s’accompagne d’une diminution de l’expression musculaire du facteur de croissance IGF-I. ainsi, nous avons formulé l’hypothèse que l’activation du programme génique menant à l’atrophie musculaire au cours du SIRS pourrait résulter de la diminution de l’IGF-I musculaire.
Dans une première étape, nous avons caractérisé le modèle d’atrophie musculaire associé au SIRS chez le rat. L’injection de LPS ou endotoxine a été utilisée pour déclencher un SIRS aigu. Cette atrophie musculaire se caractérise par une diminution de la quantité des protéines myofibriallaires, secondaire à l’activation du système ubitiquine-protéasome et du système lysosomial. Nos données montrent que l’induction de ces deux systèmes protéalytiques est probablement médiée par l’activation du facteur de transcription Foxo3a. Dans une seconde étape, nous avons tenté de déterminer si la surexposition musculaire de l’IGF-I prévient l’induction du programme génique d’atrophie musculaire ou cours du SIRS aigu. En pratique, nous avons cherché à savoir si les souris mTr-IGF-I sont protégées de l’induction du programme génique d’atrophie musculaire qui accompagne le SIRS. De façon surprenante, nos données montrent que le SIRS aigu induit le programme génique d’atrophie musculaire chez la souris en absence de toute réduction de l’expression musculaire de l’IGF-I. De plus, nos résultats indiquent que le surexpression musculaire de l’IGF-I ne prévient pas l’induction des gènes du SUP et du système lysosomial. L’échec de l’IGF-I à prévenir l’induction du programme génique d’atrophie est probablement secondaire à la persistance de l’induction de Foxo3a chez les souris mTr-IGF-I en réponse au LPS.
En conclusion, la surexpression musculaire du facteur de croissance IGF-I ne prévient pas l’induction du programme génique d’atrophie musculaire induite par le SIRS aigu. Ce travail suggère dès lors que d’autres médiateurs de l’atrophie musculaire induite par le SIRS aigu, comme par exemple le TNFα (via le facteur de transcription NFκB) ou les glucocorticoïdes, jouent probablement un rôle dans l’activation de l’atrophie musculaire par le SIRS aigu

Insulin-Like Growth Factor I --- Muscular Atrophy --- Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome --- lipopolysaccharide-binding protein

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The marine environment is considered one of the most important sources of natural bioactive compounds with extremely rich biodiversity. Marine glycans are remarkable molecules, playing a determinant role in biological processes. Marine сarbohydrate-containing substances have drawn increasing attention in the field of biomedicine for their various biological activities, such as antitumor, antivirus, hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory, and anticoagulant. These compounds obtained from marine sources, such as algae, microbes, and animals, are usually biodegradable and biocompatible, and exhibit biological properties that contribute to the discovery of a wide range of new bioactive substances with special pharmacological properties of interest to medicine. Carbohydrate-based compounds include glycans, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, glycolipids, and low-molecular and complex glycosides of differential origin. Many of the polysaccharides allow for loading lower drug dosages, which may lead to a drastic reduction of the side effects caused by the drugs. In addition, the structure of polysaccharides can be relatively easily modified in order to synthesize derivatives with desirable characteristics for drug delivery. Complexes on the basis of carbohydrates are often prepared to improve their functional properties. In this Special Issue, we seek to contribute to the discussion of various aspects of marine carbohydrate-containing compounds and provide a unique platform for a new concept for their use in medicine in order to continue to facilitate further research in this area.

Medicine --- chitosan-gentamicin conjugate --- antimicrobial --- anti-inflammatory --- scald repair --- sulfated polysaccharides --- galactans --- green seaweed --- NMR --- immunostimulation --- inflammatory mediators --- carrageenan --- lipopolysaccharide --- macromolecular structure --- nonspecific resistance to lipopolysaccharide --- cytokines --- enteric infections --- salmonellosis --- glyceroglycolipid metabolism --- phosphate starvation --- transcriptome --- glyceroglycolipid homeostasis --- chitosan --- polyelectrolyte complex --- cytokine --- nitric oxide --- anti-inflammatory activity --- Ulva pertusa --- polysaccharides --- colitis --- antioxidant --- exopolysaccharide --- structure --- Vibrio alginolyticus --- Epidermist --- chitosan oligosaccharides --- inflammation cytokines --- intestine --- oxidative status --- oxidative stress --- Porphyridium marinum --- high pressure homogenizer --- antibacterial activity --- anti-biofilm activity --- anti-cancer activity --- alginate lyase --- cold-adapted --- exo/endo-type --- Alteromonas portus --- oligosaccharide --- antioxidant activity --- exopolysaccharides --- scandium --- theranostic --- cancer cell lines --- proliferation --- laminarin --- fucoidan --- gastrointestinal tract --- microbiome --- swine --- post-weaning --- antibiotic alternatives

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The Special Issue “Marine Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidants Agents 2021” collected the latest research, both in vitro and in vivo, on natural compounds from a variety of deep-sea organisms with anti-inflammatory and/or antioxidant properties as potential candidates for new drug discovery, and more generally for the field of marine biotechnology. The research presented here discusses the potential benefits of certain peptides and proteins derived from oysters, blue mussels, and cyanobacteria, as well as the carotenoid pigment astaxanthin, which is found in a variety of marine organisms. This Special Issue has carved out an important space for crude extracts from marine products, such as microalgae and green algae, highlighting their potential benefits to human health. Finally, the Special Issue includes a review of the benefits of some natural compounds derived from the algal biome against inflammatory bowel diseases, as well as a research article identifying the presence of the OvoA gene in arthropods for the first time. Through an excursus of high-quality research, this Special Issue provides the entire scientific community with new tools and insights to catch a molecular treasure for human health from the sea.

algal biome --- polysaccharides --- bioactive entities --- engineered cues --- therapeutic attributes --- inflammatory bowel disease --- microalgae --- Tisochrysis lutea --- fucoxanthin --- inflammation --- RAW 264.7 --- microRNA --- astaxanthin --- dendritic cells --- sepsis --- immune dysfunction --- lipopolysaccharide --- oxidative stress --- Ulva lactuca --- polysaccharide --- D-galactose --- kidney --- oyster peptides --- spermatogenesis --- apoptosis --- hormone --- testis --- C-phycoerythrin --- Phormidium persicinum --- acute kidney injury --- mercury --- endoplasmic reticulum stress --- bioactive peptide --- cytoprotective --- endothelial dysfunction --- blue mussel --- acute liver injury --- ferroptosis --- oyster --- peptide --- pyroptosis --- zooplankton --- natural products --- antioxidant --- transcriptome mining --- n/a

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The papers reported here will contribute to proposing new insights into the mechanisms of several conditions, as well as suggesting new diagnostic alternatives and therapeutic targets in widespread pathologies such inflammation and inflammatory-based diseases. The discovery of the new is, as always, anchored in recourse to the old.

toxicity --- long-lasting effect --- iso-?-acids --- ammonium glycyrrhizinate --- metabolomics --- cytokines --- Alnus sibirica --- energy metabolism --- curcumin --- antineuroinflammation --- nitric oxide --- antioxidant --- nutraceutical food --- liver --- nardochinoid B --- endometriosis --- adipose tissue --- Nardostachys chinensis --- tau --- macrophage --- nociception --- heme oxygenase-1 --- enzymatic hydrolysis --- IL-6 --- nuciferine --- docking --- chronic nonbacterial prostatitis --- black tea polyphenol --- network pharmacology --- Tagetes patula L. --- SEM --- lipopolysaccharide --- solid lipid nanoparticle --- tauopathy --- memory --- lupane-type triterpene --- acute lung injury --- inducible nitric oxide synthase --- inflammation --- anti-inflammatory --- microglia --- resveratrol --- theaflavins --- hirsutanonol --- short-term high-fat diet --- inflammatory disease --- juçara --- oregonin --- PPARs --- NF-?B --- neuroprotection --- Portulaca oleracea --- TNF-? --- depression

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Acute inflammation is a highly regulated process, and its dysregulation can lead to the development of a chronic inflammatory state which is believed to play a main role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer. In recent years, the need to find new anti-inflammatory molecules has raised the scientific community´s interest for marine natural products. In this regard, the marine environment represents a source for isolating a wealth of bioactive compounds. In this Special Issue, the reported products have been obtained from microalgae, sea cucumber, octopus, squid, red alga-derived fungus, cnidarians, hard-shelled mussel, and sponges. This Special Issue of Marine Drugs covers both the in vitro and in vivo studies of marine agents with anti-inflammatory activities, in addition to clinical trials conducted in humans. Among the bioactive molecules reported in the papers are lipid compounds, such as glycolipids, which, for the first time, demonstrated their preventive effects in an inflammatory model of skin hyperplasia. In addition, beneficial effects of the carotenoid fucoxanthin were shown in the same model of skin hyperplasia, in UVB-induced damage and in a model of inflammatory pain. Moreover, frondanol, a lipid extract from Cucumaria frondosa, attenuated inflammation in an acute colitis model. Another paper evaluated the fatty acid compositions of lipid extracts from some common seafood organisms, reporting the highest level of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the highest anti-inflammatory activity in the extracts from octopus and squid byproducts. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory effects of other marine compounds have been reported, including hirsutanol A, a sesquiterpene from the red alga-derived marine fungus Chondrostereum sp. NTOU4196, two zoanthamine alkaloids from the zoantharian Zoanthus cf. pulchellus, an α-D-glucan from the hard-shelled mussel (Mytilus coruscus), and the polyphenol pyrogallol-phloroglucinol-6,6-bieckol from an edible marine brown alga.Finally, this Special Issue is supplemented by three reviews focused on the occurrence of prostaglandins in the marine environment and their anti-inflammatory role; fish lipid emulsions used to improve patient outcomes in an inflammatory environment, such as postoperative; and the chemically induced production of compounds with anti-inflammatory activity from microalgae.

Tropical Eastern Pacific --- Zoanthus pulchellus --- critical illness --- zoanthamine --- SPR analysis --- dendritic cells --- endothelial cell death --- T cell differentiation --- seafood waste --- microalgae --- pyrogallol-phloroglucinol-6 --- NRLP3 --- THP-1 macrophages --- fucoxanthin --- photo-protection --- cytokine --- thromboxane --- Isochrysis galbana --- fish oil --- photoprotection --- functional ingredients --- rosmarinic acid --- MAPK --- marine invertebrates --- poor blood circulation --- anti-inflammatory activity --- eicosapentaenoic acid --- anti-oxidative --- macroalgae --- colon inflammation --- MGDG --- TLR4 --- 6-bieckol --- polyunsaturated fatty acid --- matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) --- acute sickness behavior --- UVB --- eicosanoid --- clavulones --- carotenoids --- denervation --- polyunsaturated fatty acids --- skin --- epidermal hyperplasia --- Geodia barretti --- omega-3 --- parenteral nutrition --- inflammation --- ultraviolet B --- docosahexaenoic acid --- signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) --- anti-inflammatory --- zoantharia --- vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration --- bioactive molecules --- polysaccharides --- lipopolysaccharide (LPS) --- glycolipids --- DSS colitis --- punaglandins --- marine nutraceuticals --- marine vertebrates --- phlorotannins --- acute lung injury (ALI) --- NF-?B --- diatoms --- interleukin (IL) --- inflammasome --- Frondanol --- Cucumaria frondosa --- prostaglandins --- Ecklonia cava --- 6-bromoindole --- NO inhibition --- surgery