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L’étude réalisée par le CEPII analyse les déterminants des échanges de biens et services culturels avec les outils économétriques habituels de l’économie internationale et montre que les déterminants habituels, à commencer par la distance, restent pertinents. Les « effets frontières » calculables pour le cinéma s’avèrent par ailleurs élevés et les échanges de biens culturels viennent expliquer de manière significative les échanges globaux en rendant compte de la complexité de la « distance culturelle » entre pays délicate à appréhender. The study carried out by the CEPII uses the econometric tools habitually applied to the world economy to analyse the factors determining trade in cultural goods and services. It shows that the usual factors, distance among them, continue to be relevant. The “border effects” calculated for the cinema are strong. Trade in cultural goods, by revealing the complexity of the “cultural distance” between countries (not at all easy to measure), makes a significant contribution to understanding trade as a whole.

International Relations --- Cultural studies --- economics of culture and Communication --- international market --- cinema --- économie de la culture et de la communication --- biens culturels --- commerce international --- distance culturelle --- frontière

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The African telecommunications sector has experienced a very fast growth and transformation over 
the past twenty years. The mobile phone penetration has boosted the market and people have started 
to leave traditional landlines in the lurch, reaching 46% of the population (GSMA, 2023) with a mobile 
subscription today in Sub-Saharan Africa, representing 8% of the global Gross domestic product 
(GSMA, 2023). The sector has been driven by both local and international investments in network 
infrastructures, expanding internet connectivity and mobile money services. However, some regions 
are still facing challenges such as limited rural coverage, regulatory restrictions and affordability 
issues. Still, the telecommunications sector in Africa remains a great opportunity for additional 
expansion. 
A growing market tends to be victim of frauds for two main reasons: the first is the lack of regulations 
in proportion with the natural growth of the market itself; the second one is the constant growing 
number of usersthat creates attractive opportunities for fraudsters. African operators constantly have 
to deal with fraudsters trying to steal their money thanks to a multitude of means, one of them being 
the bypass fraud. This fraud has a significant impact on the networks with 11% of the total fraud in 
the telecommunications sector in 2019 (CFCA, 2021). Two years later, it even became the fourth most 
important fraud with 3.11 billion of dollars which is around 2.90 billion in euros1
) in the entire year of 
2021 (CFCA, 2021). Solutions were provided to fight this fraud and create business opportunities for 
companies, therefore becoming a niche market. Nowadays, Calltic is amongst the many worldwide 
options providers.
This paper aims to analyze the online customer journey in such a niche market, taking a deep look at 
the online challenges and technical difficulties faced by such providers and the cultural differences 
with the African operators in a fast-growing digital world. The recommendations proposed are based 
on successful traditional and more recent digital marketing strategies, taking into account Calltic’s 
current online visibility challenges in this international niche market.
A detailed and strategic analysis of the company Calltic, the case study chosen for this paper, brought 
to light the key tools to create an online strategy. A first exploration of the current situation abled the 
need to analyze the internal parts of the company such as the strengths and weakness, and then the 
external parts, such as opportunities and threats (SWOT analysis). Moreover, an analysis of the STP 
and 4Ps strategies were made to understand the segmentation, targeting and positioning of the 
company. 
Then, the creation of different personas, based on specific African customers, enables Calltic to have 
a better understand of their own customers and potential ones. Moreover, a complete analysis of the 
customer journey conducted to precious information to understand the missing points that could 
bring the company to a more successful online experience.

Bypass --- Online Marketing --- Customer Journey --- Niche Market --- Africa --- B2B --- international market --- Calltic --- Bypass fraud --- Online Customer Journey --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Gestion de l'entreprise & théorie des organisations

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So wie das Ende des Brexit-Prozesses weiterhin nicht absehbar bleibt, sind die Folgen des Austritts des UK aus der EU - mit oder ohne Abkommen - kaum abzumessen. Dieser Band versucht eine Zwischenbilanz, von Grundfragen zur Souveränität, um deren Wiedergewinnung es den Brexitern zu gehen scheint, über Modelle differenzierter Integration und den Grundrechtsschutz bis hin zur Demokratie, die in mancherlei Weise auf die Probe gestellt wird. Wie ist der Binnenmarkt betroffen, wie die vom EuGH vielleicht zu weitgehend etablierten sozialen Rechte, wie die Kontrolle der Einwanderung in das UK? - Dem ist Teil II des Sammelbandes gewidmet. Der letzte Teil betrifft mit der Währungs- und Finanzpolitik sowie der Gemeinsamen Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik Bereiche, die nur begrenzt der supranationalen Disziplin unterliegen und wo das UK gleichwohl eine wichtige Rolle spielt und auch künftig spielen könnte. Vieles stellt sich heute anders dar, als man vor dem Referendum von 2016 erwartet hätte. Mit Beiträgen von Giacinto della Cananea, Tom Eijsbouts, Paula Vaz Freire, Rui Lanceiro, Jean-Victor Louis, Stefan Griller, Ana Maria Guerra Martins, Maria José Rangel de Mesquita, Ingolf Pernice, Daniel Thym, Mattias Wendel, Jiøí Zemánek.

social rights --- UK Supreme Court --- EMU --- Constitutional Law --- external relations --- monetary policy --- EU --- EU citizens --- Security Policy --- European Union --- Democracy --- Brexit --- sovereignty --- systemic lying --- differentiated integration --- European Constitutional Law --- fundamental rights --- international market --- CFSP --- financial policy --- Law

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This paper estimates the impact of a change in procurement strategy of a private buyer in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Beginning in October 2000, internet kiosks and warehouses were established that provide wholesale price information and an alternative marketing channel to soy farmers in the state. Using a new market-level dataset, the estimates suggest a significant increase in soy price after the introduction of kiosks, supporting the predictions of the theoretical model. Moreover, there is a robust increase in area under soy cultivation. The results point towards an improvement in the functioning of rural agricultural markets.

Access to Markets --- Agribusiness --- Agriculture --- Auction --- Average price --- Competitiveness --- Crops & Crop Management Systems --- Direct marketing --- E-Business --- Fair --- International Economics and Trade --- International market --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market conditions --- Marketing --- Marketing Board --- Markets and Market Access --- Open auctions --- Price comparison --- Private Sector Development --- Sale --- Sales --- Spot markets --- Spread --- Surplus --- Warehouses --- Wholesale price --- Wholesale prices --- Wholesalers

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The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights negotiated in 1986 under the auspices of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the institutional predecessor of the World Trade Organization, incorporated substantial and uniform protections of intellectual property rights into the international trade system. A large body of contemporary academic literature suggests that intellectual property rights on socially valuable goods such as essential medicines give rise to a number of ethical problems. This review paper seeks to give an overview of these problems. Moreover, it offers an outline and discussion of a number of proposals as to how these problems might be alleviated. The paper is primarily descriptive in character. This means that although a personal perspective is sometimes offered, the primary ambition of the paper is not to argue for, and defend, a particular solution to the issues discussed. The aim is rather to highlight, explain and put into perspective a number of important arguments in the debate on the ethical nature of intellectual property rights so that policy-makers and other stakeholders are relatively well-equipped to make up their own mind on the issue.

Debt Markets --- Differential pricing --- E-Business --- Economic Theory & Research --- Fair --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Health --- Inferior products --- International market --- International trade --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market conditions --- Market entry --- Market failure --- Market incentives --- Market price --- Market share --- Marketing --- Markets and Market Access --- Monopoly --- Nutrition and Population --- Population Policies --- Price discrimination --- Pricing scheme --- Private Sector Development --- Product quality --- Sales --- Shadow price --- Suppliers --- Supply contract