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This open access book focuses on theoretical and empirical intersections between governance, knowledge and space from an interdisciplinary perspective. The contributions elucidate how knowledge is a prerequisite as well as a driver of governance efficacy, and conversely, how governance affects the creation and use of knowledge and innovation in geographical context. Scholars from the fields of anthropology, economics, geography, public administration, political science, sociology, and organization studies provide original theoretical discussions along these interdependencies. Moreover, a variety of empirical chapters on governance issues, ranging from regional and national to global scales and covering case studies in Australia, Europe, Latina America, North America and South Africa demonstrate that geography and space are not only important contexts for governance that affect the contingent outcomes of governance blueprints. Governance also creates spaces. It affects the geographical confines as well as the quality of opportunities and constraints that actors enjoy to establish legitimate and sustainable ways of social and environmental co-existence.

Human geography. --- Political science. --- Geography. --- Human Geography. --- Political Science. --- Geography, general. --- Cosmography --- Earth sciences --- World history --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- Social sciences --- State, The --- Anthropo-geography --- Anthropogeography --- Geographical distribution of humans --- Social geography --- Anthropology --- Geography --- Human ecology --- Human Geography --- Political Science --- Geography, general --- Political Geography --- Open access --- Governance --- Knowledge and innovation --- Social networks --- Natural resources --- Knowledge and political action --- Eurocrisis --- Codified and uncodified knowledge --- Forest fire risk management --- Fight against corruption --- Adaptive governance --- Infectious disease outbreaks --- Collective learning --- Fragmented governance --- Forest governance --- Global innovation systems --- Technology-based industries --- Political science & theory

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REDD+ represents countries’ efforts to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and foster conservation, the sustainable management of forests, and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks. The basic idea is that more carbon can be sequestrated and stocked in tropical forests by improving their conservation, management, and sustainable use, thus contributing to mitigating climate change. The developing countries and relevant stakeholders concerned will be financially compensated for these endeavors, either through public funds or private carbon markets. Given this context, this book will address the need to assess the political and socio–economic dimensions of the performance of REDD+, which is relevant to policy-makers, practitioners, and scholars. This implies taking into account the various levels (from global to local) and dimensions (e.g., results-based payments, MRV, co-benefits, and community engagement), as well as divergent (disciplinary) connotations, of performance. We, therefore, pose the following question: What does performance mean? In answering this question, we provide examples of assessments of performance. We present 9 cases of how REDD has performed on local, national and international scales, and reflect on the representativeness of these examples and their limitations when looking at the current range of REDD initiatives, along with what is missing in terms of evaluating the performance of REDD+. We conclude by establishing why performance assessment remains so relevant today.

REDD+ financial benefits --- indigenous carbon impact --- land grabbing --- tenure --- social safeguards --- forest carbon calibration --- REDD+ --- CCB Standards --- Sustainable Development Goals --- climate change --- community --- biodiversity --- development --- forests --- jurisdictional approaches --- private sector commitments --- commodity-driven deforestation --- trifecta jurisdictions --- supply chains --- public-private partnerships --- performativity --- REDD+ policy --- myths of community --- forest governance --- forest tenure --- property rights --- authority structures --- the DRC --- environmental governance --- forest conservation --- climate change mitigation --- public policies --- Amazon --- European Union --- forest policy --- deforestation drivers --- tropical forests --- practice-based approach --- global-local nexus --- forest and climate policy --- Ghana --- Amazon Fund --- Results-Based Funding --- benefit distribution --- resource allocation --- climate change funding --- effectiveness --- forest conservation funding --- n/a

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Public participation in forestry is a key issue in ensuring the democratization of decision-making processes, increasing the social acceptance of policies, and reducing conflicts between forest users. Public participation also provides an opportunity for the improvement of the quality of information, public debate, personal reflection, and professionalization, raising awareness. Participation in forestry implies the involvement of stakeholders (the interest group participation approach) and/or the involvement of people (the direct citizen participation approach) in the decision-making process. Since the UN Conference on Environment and Development (1992), new norms and perspectives have emerged encouraging a bottom-up approach in forest governance. Consequently, several participatory techniques, methods, and tools for stakeholder involvement in forest governance have been developed and applied. These different experiences allow us to learn from failures and successes and contribute to knowledge improvement. The future challenges of participatory forestry deal with adaptation to changes in ecological, social, and economic contexts.

forest planning --- green space quality assessment --- forest management practice --- forest degradation --- urban trees --- Slovenia --- participatory process --- transdisciplinary research --- deliberative-analytical process --- panarchy theory --- participatory forums --- climate change --- community forestry --- empathetic utility functions --- smallholder --- questionnaire survey --- British Columbia --- Ghana --- cocoa --- participatory --- entrepreneurial education --- Natura 2000 --- deforestation --- social assessment --- climate change mitigation --- stakeholder analysis --- social network analysis --- social forestry --- REDD+ --- photography --- participation --- interviews survey --- diffusion --- traditional knowledge --- forest carbon --- AI decision-making algorithms --- stakeholders --- participatory modeling --- innovative training --- stakeholders’ involvement --- appraisal --- slash-and-burn agriculture --- public opinion --- user participation --- public participation --- summer-winter --- forest multifunctionality --- preferences --- community-based forest management --- forest management --- urban woodland management --- national forest policy framework --- perceptions --- forest governance --- stakeholder engagement --- forest history --- role-playing games --- assessment of sustainability --- management program --- forestry training