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Increasing integration of renewable energy sources is transforming the current powergeneration structure. This challenges policy makers, system operators, and also established energy system simulation tools. We developed a dynamic bottom-up model of the German electricity market to analyze the effects of high-resolution wind energy generation.

fluctuating electricity production --- electricity market --- Erneuerbare Energien --- Speicher --- Systemdynamische Simulation --- storage --- ElektrizitätsmarktSystem dynamics simulation

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The use of carbon-intense fuels by the power sector contributes significantly to the greenhouse gas emissions of most countries. For this reason, the sector is often key to initial efforts to regulate emissions. But how long does it take before new regulatory incentives result in a switch to less carbon intense fuels? This study examines fuel switching in electricity production following the introduction of the European Union's Emissions Trading System, a cap-and-trade regulatory framework for greenhouse gas emissions. The empirical analysis examines the demand for carbon permits, carbon based fuels, and carbon-free energy for 12 European countries using monthly data on fuel use, prices, and electricity generation. A short-run restricted cost function is estimated in which carbon permits, high-carbon fuels, and low-carbon fuels are variable inputs, conditional on quasi-fixed carbon-free energy production from nuclear, hydro, and renewable energy capacity. The results indicate that prices for permits and fuels affect the composition of inputs in a statistically significant way. Even so, the analysis suggests that the industry's fuel-switching capabilities are limited in the short run as is the scope for introducing new technologies. This is because of the dominant role that past irreversible investments play in determining power-generating capacity. Moreover, the results suggest that, because the capacity for fuel substitution is limited, the impact of carbon emission limits on electricity prices can be significant if fuel prices increase together with carbon permit prices. The estimates suggest that for every 10 percent rise in carbon and fuel prices, the marginal cost of electric power generation increases by 8 percent in the short run. The European experience points to the importance of starting early down a low-carbon path and of policies that introduce flexibility in how emission reductions are achieved.

Carbon Policy and Trading --- Electricity --- Electricity generation --- Electricity prices --- Electricity production --- Emission --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy production --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Environment --- Environment and Energy Efficiency --- Free energy --- Fuel --- Fuel prices --- Fuel substitution --- Fuel switching --- Fuel use --- Fuels --- Generating capacity --- Greenhouse gas --- Greenhouse gas emissions --- Power --- Power sector --- Renewable energy --- Renewable energy capacity

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Climate change is one of the main threats to modern society. This phenomenon is associated with an increase in greenhouse gas (GHGs, mainly carbon dioxide-CO2) emissions due to anthropogenic activities. The main causes are the burning of fossil fuels and land use change (deforestation). Climate change impacts are associated with risks to basic needs (health, food security, and clean water), as well as risks to development (jobs, economic growth, and the cost of living). The processes involving CO2 capture and storage are gaining attention in the scientific community as an alternative for decreasing CO2 emissions, reducing its concentration in ambient air. The carbon capture and storage (CCS) methodologies comprise three steps: CO2 capture, CO2 transportation, and CO2 storage. Despite the high research activity within this topic, several technological, economic, and environmental issues as well as safety problems remain to be solved, such as the following needs: increase of CO2 capture efficiency, reduction of process costs, and verification of the environmental sustainability of CO2 storage.

normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) --- techno-economic analysis --- the Loess Plateau --- power-to-methane --- GHG mitigation --- CO2 capture and utilization --- cement production with CO2 capture --- oxyfuel --- knowledge mapping --- technological evolution --- CO2 capture --- CO2 capture in industry --- IGCC --- InVEST --- electricity production --- life cycle assessment --- carbon storage --- carbon capture and storage --- CO2 capture retrofitability --- TBAB --- supercritical CO2 --- hydrate --- membrane-assisted CO2 liquefaction --- micromorphology --- synthetic natural gas --- stability map --- carbon capture and storage (CCS) --- renewable power --- carbon density --- fossil fuels --- chilled ammonia --- CCS --- cement --- MEA-based absorption --- carbon capture --- energy dependence --- calcium looping --- CO2 separation --- CO2 pipeline --- flow instability --- CiteSpace --- anti-agglomerant

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This reprint focuses on new trends in photo-electrocatalysis, specifically addressed to the remediation of wastewater and energy production. The remediation of wastewater, up to a level that is acceptable for discharge into receiving waterbodies, involves an ever-growing demand of energy, so effective and low-energy treatment processes are highly desirable. Among the other treatments, photo- and photo-electrochemical treatment processes may be considered as advanced oxidation processes (AOP), which are based on the generation of OH radicals, strong oxidizing agents able to indiscriminately degrade even the most persistent organic compounds. Photocatalysis and photo-electrocatalysis can be considered as effective methods for organic degradation, especially when the semiconductor is active in the range of visible light. Several results are presented on new morphologies and structures, which allow more photoactive, visibly responsive, and stable materials, as well as studies on combined processes in which photo- or photo-electrochemistry contribute to an increase in the sustainability of the whole process, lowering costs and achieving the most valuable final products. In view of the circular economy concept, microbial fuel cell systems are also considered as possible way to recover energy from organic pollutants contained in wastewater.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- composite --- polymethylmethacrylate --- photocatalytic oxidation --- titanium dioxide --- tetracycline --- ethanol --- photocatalysis --- silver(II) oxide --- mechanical mixture --- in situ deposition --- hydrogen evolution --- Anodic oxidation --- diamond electrodes --- UV irradiation --- ultrasounds --- amoxicillin --- ampicillin --- Composite catalysts --- synergy effect --- solar energy --- wastewater remediation --- photoelectrocatalysis --- TiO2 nanostructures --- Au nanoparticles --- water splitting --- bisphenol A oxidation --- ZnFe2O4 --- degree of inversion --- cation distribution --- photoelectrochemical activity --- porous nickel --- selective corrosion --- hydrogen evolution reaction --- metal sulfides --- H2 production --- photocatalyst --- facet effect --- light trapping --- crystal size --- non-precious metal catalysts --- Cu–B alloy --- microbial fuel cell --- cathode --- environmental engineering --- oxygen electrode --- renewable energy sources --- graphitic carbon nitride --- H2 generation --- Ni–Co catalyst --- electricity production --- advanced oxidation processes --- azo dye --- sustainable resources --- niobium --- water reuse --- water treatment --- AOPs --- zinc oxide --- nanoclusters --- UVA --- visible light --- photocatalytic reduction --- CO2 --- TiO2 photocatalysts --- surface modification --- solar fuel --- magnetron sputtering --- titanium dioxide (TiO2) film --- photocatalytic activity --- metal and non-metal doping --- optical properties --- n/a --- Cu-B alloy --- Ni-Co catalyst

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Environmental problems are forcing a rethinking of the world’s energy supply system. In parallel, there is an increasing amount of global solid waste production. A fundamental shift toward greater reliance on biomass wastes in the world’s energy system is plausible because of ongoing major technological advances that hold the promise of making the conversion of biomass into high-quality energy carriers, like electricity and gaseous or liquid fuels, economically competitive with fossil fuels. Therefore, waste-to-energy systems have become a paramount topic for both industry and researchers due to interest in energy production from waste and improved chemical and thermal efficiencies with more cost-effective designs. This biomass shift is also important for industries to become more efficient by using their own wastes to produce their own energy in the light of the circular economy concept. This book on “Biomass Wastes for Energy Production” brings novel advances on waste-to-energy technologies, life cycle assessment, and computational models, and contributes to promoting rethinking of the world’s energy supply systems.

torrefaction --- biorenewable energy --- biowaste --- biocoal --- alternative fuel --- waste management --- manure --- thermal valorization --- thermogravimetric analysis --- differential scanning calorimetry --- autothermal gasification --- downdraft reactor --- thermodynamics --- chemical equilibrium --- carbon boundary point --- dairy wastewater --- biogas --- anaerobic digestion --- anaerobic horizontal flow reactor --- microwave radiation --- ultrasound --- biomass residues --- forestry --- thermal treatment --- biomass valorization --- torrefied material properties --- biomass gasification --- demonstration-scale plant --- syngas --- circular economy --- wastewater management --- activated carbon adsorption --- steam boilers --- co-firing --- biomass --- characteristics --- boiler efficiency --- GHG emissions --- decision parameters --- result parameters --- structural parameters --- peach pruning residues --- electricity production --- life cycle assessment --- LCA --- biomass-to-energy --- biomass waste --- competing uses --- biomass applications --- bio-based economy --- biomass value pyramid --- co-occurrence analysis --- internal combustion engines-generator --- small-scale systems --- energy efficiency --- techno-economic analysis --- Monte Carlo method --- organic waste --- energy recovery --- cost analysis