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Recently, stem cells have been drawing increasing interest in basic and translational research that aims to understand stem cell biology and generate new therapies for various disorders. Many stem cells can be cultured in 2D relatively easily using tissue culture plastic. However, many of these cultures do not represent the natural conditions of stem cells in the body. In the body, microenvironments include numerous supporting cells and molecules. Therefore, researchers and clinicians have sought ideal stem cell preparations for basic research and clinical applications, which may be attainable through 3D culture of stem cells. The 3D cultures mimic the conditions of the natural environment of stem cells better, as cells in 3D cultures exhibit many unique and desirable characteristics that could be beneficial for therapeutic interventions. 3D stem cell cultures may employ supporting structures, such as various matrices or scaffolds, in addition to stem cells, to support complex structures. This book brings together recent research on 3D cultures of various stem cells to increase the basic understanding of stem cell culture techniques and also to highlight stem cell preparations for possible novel therapeutic applications.

hematopoiesis --- hematopoietic stem cells --- stem cell culture --- 2D culture --- 3D culture --- embryonic stem cells --- three-dimensional --- self-assembling scaffold --- pluripotency --- culture conditions --- expansion --- growth --- niche --- human cortical progenitors --- silicon pillars --- cell growth --- hiPSC-derived neural progenitors --- cerebral cortex --- carcinogen --- protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) --- intestinal tumor --- intestinal organoid --- Lgr5+ crypt stem cell --- mouse embryonic stem cell --- differentiation protocol --- ureteric bud progenitor cells --- 3D kidney organoids --- intestinal organoids --- canine intestine --- differentiation --- organoid culture --- induced pluripotent stem cells --- neurospheres --- neurite outgrowth --- neurotoxicity --- hBM-MSCs --- cytokines --- tenogenic markers --- cyclic strain --- 3D microenvironment --- PLGA carriers --- bioreactor --- cardiac microtissues --- iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes --- cardiac fibroblasts --- cardiac fibrosis --- cardiac rhythm --- TGF-β signalling --- drug screening --- in vitro model --- stem cell --- 3D --- culture condition --- regenerative medicine --- scaffold --- organoid --- adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells --- stromal vascular fraction --- platelet rich plasma --- platelet concentrates --- veterinary regenerative medicine

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The search for bioactive marine natural products calls for the need of efficient chemical profiling strategies, together with the need to make advances in separation and characterization methodologies, in order to expedite their discovery. This Special Issue of Marine Drugs aims to highlight advances in extraction, isolation, purification and dereplication methodologies in the quest for bioactive marine natural products.

Research & information: general --- Chaceon quinquedens --- cold water species --- red deep-sea crab --- insulin-like androgenic gland hormone (IAG) --- androgenic gland --- bioguided-discovery --- dereplication --- cytotoxicity --- antifungal --- MS/HRMS --- marine-derived --- pimarane-type diterpenoids --- ilicicolin H --- trichothecene mycotoxins --- roridin --- verrucarin --- high-speed countercurrent chromatography --- preparative separation --- stepwise elution --- Eustigmatos cf. polyphem --- violaxanthin --- culture conditions --- purification --- antioxidant activity --- Mosher --- retroflexanone --- phloroglucinol --- HPLC-NMR --- secondary alcohol --- cephalimysins --- Aspergillus fumigatus --- marine microorganism --- Mugil cephalus --- spiro-heterocyclic γ-lactam --- circular dichroism spectroscopy --- hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan --- halogenated acetate --- antifungal activity --- electronegativity --- microalgae --- Haematococcus pluvialis --- astaxanthin --- lutein --- fatty acids --- supercritical fluid extraction --- natural medicines --- chondroitin sulfate production --- cartilage Galeus melastomus by-products --- sulfation patterns --- process optimization --- molecular weight glycosaminoglycans determination --- bycatch waste management --- electronic circular dichroism --- absolute configuration --- molecular conformation --- electric transition dipole moment --- exciton coupling --- TDDFT calculations

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Several species of Dinophysis produce one or two groups of lipophilic toxins: okadaic acid (OA) and its derivatives; or the dinophysistoxins (DTXs) (also known as diarrhetic shellfish poisons or DSP toxins) and pectenotoxins (PTXs). DSP toxins are potent inhibitors of protein phosphatases, causing gastrointestinal intoxication in consumers of contaminated seafood. Forty years after the identification of Dinophysis as the causative agent of DSP in Japan, contamination of filter feeding shellfish exposed to Dinophysis blooms is recognized as a problem worldwide. DSP events affect public health and cause considerable losses to the shellfish industry. Costly monitoring programs are implemented in regions with relevant shellfish production to prevent these socioeconomic impacts. Harvest closures are enforced whenever toxin levels exceed regulatory limits (RLs). Dinophysis species are kleptoplastidic dinoflagellates; they feed on ciliates (Mesodinium genus) that have previously acquired plastids from cryptophycean (genera Teleaulax, Plagioselmis, and Geminigera) nanoflagellates. The interactions of Dinophysis with different prey regulate their growth and toxin production. When Dinophysis cells are ingested by shellfish, their toxins are partially biotransformed and bioaccumulated, rendering the shellfish unsuitable for human consumption. DSP toxins may also affect shellfish metabolism. This book covers diverse aspects of the abovementioned topics—from the laboratory culture of Dinophysis and the kinetics of uptake, transformation, and depuration of DSP toxins in shellfish to Dinophysis population dynamics, the monitoring and regulation of DSP toxins, and their impact on the shellfish industry in some of the aquaculture regions that are traditionally most affected, namely, northeastern Japan, western Europe, southern Chile, and New Zealand.

WitOMI analysis --- n/a --- DST accumulation --- mussel --- dinophysistoxins --- depuration --- human health --- pectenotoxins (PTXs) --- cryptophytes --- Mesodinium --- dinophysis --- compartmentalization --- resistance --- Japanese scallop --- surf clam --- HAB monitoring --- toxins --- organic matter --- OMI analysis --- PTXs --- time-series --- Diarrhetic shellfish toxins --- predator-prey preferences --- immunity --- okadaic acid --- physical–biological interactions --- defense --- digestion --- Dinophysis --- harmful algal blooms --- pectenotoxin --- El Niño Southern Oscillation --- lysate --- suspended particulate matter (SPM) --- D. caudata --- mixotrophic cultures --- Mytilus galloprovincialis --- bivalves --- diarrhetic shellfish poisoning --- biotransformation --- Mesodinium cf. rubrum --- RNA-Seq --- DST esterification --- Mesodinium rubrum --- statistical analysis --- seasonality --- mass culture conditions --- D. acuminata-complex --- Argopecten purpuratus --- harmful algal bloom --- pipis (Plebidonax deltoides) --- DTX-2 --- Reloncaví Fjord --- pectenotoxins --- deep sequencing --- climatic anomaly --- Brazil --- qPCR --- high throughput sequencing --- DSP --- accumulation --- LC/MS/MS --- Protoceratium reticulatum --- shellfish toxicity --- transcriptomic response --- New Zealand --- blooms --- trophic transfer --- metabolism --- bacterial community --- kinetics --- marine biotoxins --- diarrhetic shellfish toxins --- bivalve shellfish --- Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins (DST) --- diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DST) --- Scotland --- Dinophysis acuminata --- DSP toxins --- toxin accumulation --- Southern Annual Mode --- Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning --- Dinophysis toxins --- OA --- marine toxins --- toxin vectors --- wild harvest --- Dinophysis acuta --- Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) --- Argopecten irradians --- dinophysistoxin --- Port Underwood --- aquaculture --- niche partitioning --- Dinoflagellates. --- Dinoflagellata --- Dinoflagellida --- Dinophyceae --- Dinophyta --- Pyrrophycophyta --- Pyrrophyta --- Phytoflagellates --- physical-biological interactions --- El Niño Southern Oscillation --- Reloncaví Fjord

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Many research teams are working to demonstrate that microorganisms can be our daily partners, due to the great diversity of biochemical transformations and molecules they are able to produce. This Special Issue highlights several facets of the production of microbial metabolites of interest. From the discovery of new strains or new bioactive molecules issued from novel environments, to the increase in their synthesis by traditional or innovative methods, different levels of biotechnological processes are addressed. Combining the new dimensions of "Omics" sciences, such as genomics, transcriptomics or metabolomics, microbial biotechnologies are opening up incredible opportunities for discovering and improving microorganisms and their production.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Microbiology (non-medical) --- Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) --- polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) --- mutant strain --- Aurantiochytrium sp. --- transcriptome --- Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris --- 6-pentyl-α-pyrone --- antibiosis --- Trichoderma --- secondary metabolites --- antibiofilm --- Gram-negative bacterium --- antibiotic resistance --- natural products --- angucycline --- aquayamycin --- glycosyltransferase --- Lake Baikal --- Streptomyces --- Talaromyces albobiverticillius 30548 --- submerged fermentation --- pigments --- biomass --- optimization --- Box–Behnken experimental design --- response surface modeling --- carnosic acid --- propolis --- antifungal action --- synergy --- Candida albicans --- biofilms --- sponges --- actinomycetes --- cryptic --- Micromonospora --- Nocardia --- Gordonia --- mycolic acid --- LC-HRESIMS --- N-functionalized amines --- N-methylanthranilate --- Corynebacterium glutamicum --- metabolic engineering --- sustainable production of quinoline precursors --- acridone --- quinazoline alkaloid drugs --- SARS-CoV-2 --- Covid-19 --- Mpro --- microbial natural products --- docking --- molecular dynamic simulation --- Serratiochelin A --- Serratiochelin C --- Serratia sp. --- siderophore --- iron --- anticancer --- microbial biotechnology --- degradation --- antibacterial --- S. aureus --- sparkling wine --- second fermentation --- fermentation by-products --- Saccharomyces cerevisiae flor yeast --- proteins --- Scopalina hapalia --- Actinomycetes --- Bacillus --- Fungi --- elastase inhibition --- tyrosinase inhibition --- CDK7 inhibition --- Fyn kinase inhibition --- catalase activation --- sirtuin 1 activation --- Curvularia papendorfii --- endophytic fungi --- human coronavirus HCoV 229E --- Staphylococcus sp. --- MRSA --- antiproliferative activity --- polyhydroxyacid --- kheiric acid --- insect --- mealworm --- gut bacteria --- OSMAC --- cyclic peptides --- biosynthetic pathway --- autophagy inducer --- fermentation --- Lactococcus lactis --- bacteriocin --- culture conditions --- medium compositions --- lactic acid fermentation --- Pediococcus acidilactici PA204 --- simultaneous saccharification and fermentation --- corn stover --- pyocyanin --- maize industry wastewater --- Pseudomonas aeruginosa NEJ01R --- redox metabolite --- response surface analysis --- bioproduction --- valorization --- electrochemical analysis --- sugarcane --- distillery waste water --- molasses spent wash --- vinasse --- fungi --- yeasts --- bioremediation --- COD --- discoloration --- antimicrobial --- antioxidant --- GNPS --- textiles --- cation-exchange resin --- adsorption --- removal --- ammonium --- cell viability --- mutant gdhA P. multocida B:2 --- cyanobacteria --- photosynthesis --- synthetic biology --- systems biology --- genome-scale model --- protoplast fusion --- novel compound discovery --- cell wall-deficiency --- heteroploidy --- Talaromyces --- azaphilone --- marine fungi --- N-threonyl-rubropunctamin --- PP-R --- greener extraction --- red pigments --- fungal pigments --- antinematode compound --- anthelminthic drugs --- marine epiphytic bacteria --- marine biofilm --- marine environment --- parasitic nematode --- Caenorhabditis elegans --- natural colors --- bio-pigments --- quorum sensing --- marine bacteria --- biosynthesis --- biological activities --- industrial applications --- therapeutic insights --- global pigment market --- terpenoids --- sesquiterpene production --- Rhodobacter capsulatus --- β-caryophyllene --- bioactivity --- phytopathogens --- plant pathogenic fungi --- plant growth-promoting bacteria --- microorganisms --- biotechnology --- screening --- production --- extraction --- bioactive properties --- perspectives