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This book is aimed at serving researchers, engineers, scientists, and engineering graduate and PhD students of engineering and physical science together with individuals interested in engineering and science. This book focuses on the application of engineering methods to complex systems including transportation, building, and manufacturing, with approaches representing a wide variety of disciplines of engineering and science. Throughout the book, great emphases are placed on engineering applications of complex systems, as well as the methodologies of automation, including artificial intelligence, automated and intelligent control, energy analysis, energy modelling, energy management, and optimised energy efficiency. The significant impact of recent studies that have been selected for presentation are of high interest in engineering complex systems. An attempt has been made to expose the reading audience of engineers and researchers to a broad range of theoretical and practical topics. The topics contained in the present book are of specific interest to engineers who are seeking expertise in transportation, building, and manufacturing technologies as well as mathematical modelling of complex systems, engineering approaches to engineering complex problems, automation via artificial intelligence methods, automated and intelligent control, and energy systems. The primary audience of this book are researchers, graduate students, and engineers in mechanical engineering, control engineering, computer engineering, electrical engineering, and science disciplines. In particular, the book can be used for training graduate and PhD students as well as senior undergraduate students to enhance their knowledge by taking a graduate or advanced undergraduate course in the areas of complex systems, control systems, energy systems, and engineering applications. The covered research topics are also of interest to engineers and academia who are seeking to expand their expertise in these areas.eng

microstructure --- carbon fibers --- polyacrylonitrile --- thermal stabilization --- recirculation fan frequency --- IR imaging --- extended-range electric bus --- adaptive-equivalent consumption minimum strategy --- Markov chain --- target driving cycles --- SOC reference curve --- energy management system --- building automation systems --- building energy efficiency --- daytime lighting --- lighting control systems --- EN 15232 standard --- four-wheel independent-drive --- electric vehicle --- skid steering --- differential steering --- sliding mode variable structure control --- robustness --- active 4WS system --- hierarchical control --- decoupling --- fractional sliding mode control --- vehicle-to-grid --- EV charging infrastructure --- optimal dispatch --- oil-to-electricity transformation for automobiles --- permanent magnet synchronous motor --- sliding mode control --- motion control --- fractional order --- sliding surface --- composite controller --- intelligent control (IC) --- fuzzy cognitive map (FCM) --- direct expansion air-conditioning (DX A/C) --- nonlinear --- coupling effect --- MIMO --- stability analysis --- Lyapunov function --- fuzzy bidirectional associative memories (FBAMs) --- URT --- multi-train optimization --- steep slope --- electrical network model --- regenerative energy dynamic losses --- Air-Conditioning --- On-Off control --- desert climate --- optimization --- Elman Neural Networks --- event-based consensus --- hierarchical leader–follower network --- hierarchical event-based control --- layer-to-layer delays

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The Special Issue presents almost 40 papers on recent research in modeling of pyrometallurgical systems, including physical models, first-principles models, detailed CFD and DEM models as well as statistical models or models based on machine learning. The models cover the whole production chain from raw materials processing through the reduction and conversion unit processes to ladle treatment, casting, and rolling. The papers illustrate how models can be used for shedding light on complex and inaccessible processes characterized by high temperatures and hostile environment, in order to improve process performance, product quality, or yield and to reduce the requirements of virgin raw materials and to suppress harmful emissions.

Technology: general issues --- steelmaking --- oxygen consumption --- GPR --- prediction model --- secondary refining --- water model --- mixing time --- slag entrapment --- stainless steel slag --- heating time --- Cr2O3 --- spinel --- crystal size --- processing maps --- nickel-based alloy --- flow behavior --- arrhenius equation --- hearth --- drainage --- PCA --- analysis tool --- pattern --- tapholes --- blast furnace --- coke --- carbon solution loss --- numerical simulation --- pellet pile --- Discrete Element Method --- porosity distribution --- angle of repose --- coordination number --- bubble motion --- interfacial phenomena --- entrainment --- moving path --- arsenopyrite --- arsenic removal --- mechanism --- roasting --- arsenate --- dust ash --- arsenic recovery --- titanium distribution ratio --- thermodynamic model --- ion–molecule coexistence theory --- LF refining slags --- electric arc furnace --- simulation --- process model --- COREX --- raceway zone --- gas flow --- COREX melter gasifier --- mixed charging --- burden layer structure --- burden pile width --- DEM --- burden distribution --- particle flow --- validation --- tire cord steel --- TiN inclusion --- solidification --- segregation models --- hot rolling --- TOU electricity pricing --- hot rolling planning --- genetic algorithm --- C-H2 smelting reduction furnace --- double-row side nozzles --- dimensional analysis --- multiple linear regression --- ironmaking blast furnace --- coke bed --- trickle flow --- molten slag --- liquid iron --- SPH --- charging system --- mathematical model --- radar data --- main trough --- transient fluid of hot metal and molten slag --- wall shear stress --- conjugate heat transfer --- refractory --- shape rolling --- flat rolling --- wire rod --- temperature distribution --- machine learning --- artificial intelligence --- neural network --- BOS reactor --- copper smelting --- SKS --- Shuikoushan process --- oxygen bottom blown --- gated recurrent unit --- support vector data description --- time sequence prediction --- fault detection and identification --- Lignite --- microwave and ultrasound modification --- structural characterization --- 3D molecular model --- structural simulation --- coke combustion rate --- charcoal combustion rate --- iron ore sintering process --- biomass --- quasi-particle --- quasi-particle structure --- monomer blended fuel --- quasi-particle fuel --- apparent activation energy --- coupling effect --- dynamic model --- basic oxygen furnace --- computational fluid dynamics --- CFD–DEM --- coalescence --- settling --- funneling flow --- horizontal single belt casting process (HSBC) --- computational fluid dynamics (CFD) --- double impingement feeding system --- supersonic coherent jet --- decarburization --- steel refining --- EAF --- CFD --- mass transfer coefficient --- physical modeling --- mathematical modeling --- kinetic models --- natural gas --- fuel injection --- combustion --- RAFT --- roll design --- flat-rolled wire --- strain inhomogeneity --- normal pressure --- macroscopic shear bands --- numerical model --- dual gas injection --- slag eye --- electrical energy consumption --- Electric Arc Furnace --- scrap melting --- statistical modeling --- raceway evolution --- raceway size --- flow pattern --- Eulerian multiphase flow --- blast furnace hearth --- dead man --- iron and slag flow --- lining wear --- hearth drainage --- Industry 4.0 --- copper smelter --- nickel-copper smelter --- radiometric sensors --- Peirce-smith converting --- matte-slag chemistry --- discrete event simulation --- adaptive finite differences --- n/a --- ion-molecule coexistence theory --- CFD-DEM

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• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The Special Issue presents almost 40 papers on recent research in modeling of pyrometallurgical systems, including physical models, first-principles models, detailed CFD and DEM models as well as statistical models or models based on machine learning. The models cover the whole production chain from raw materials processing through the reduction and conversion unit processes to ladle treatment, casting, and rolling. The papers illustrate how models can be used for shedding light on complex and inaccessible processes characterized by high temperatures and hostile environment, in order to improve process performance, product quality, or yield and to reduce the requirements of virgin raw materials and to suppress harmful emissions.

Technology: general issues --- steelmaking --- oxygen consumption --- GPR --- prediction model --- secondary refining --- water model --- mixing time --- slag entrapment --- stainless steel slag --- heating time --- Cr2O3 --- spinel --- crystal size --- processing maps --- nickel-based alloy --- flow behavior --- arrhenius equation --- hearth --- drainage --- PCA --- analysis tool --- pattern --- tapholes --- blast furnace --- coke --- carbon solution loss --- numerical simulation --- pellet pile --- Discrete Element Method --- porosity distribution --- angle of repose --- coordination number --- bubble motion --- interfacial phenomena --- entrainment --- moving path --- arsenopyrite --- arsenic removal --- mechanism --- roasting --- arsenate --- dust ash --- arsenic recovery --- titanium distribution ratio --- thermodynamic model --- ion-molecule coexistence theory --- LF refining slags --- electric arc furnace --- simulation --- process model --- COREX --- raceway zone --- gas flow --- COREX melter gasifier --- mixed charging --- burden layer structure --- burden pile width --- DEM --- burden distribution --- particle flow --- validation --- tire cord steel --- TiN inclusion --- solidification --- segregation models --- hot rolling --- TOU electricity pricing --- hot rolling planning --- genetic algorithm --- C-H2 smelting reduction furnace --- double-row side nozzles --- dimensional analysis --- multiple linear regression --- ironmaking blast furnace --- coke bed --- trickle flow --- molten slag --- liquid iron --- SPH --- charging system --- mathematical model --- radar data --- main trough --- transient fluid of hot metal and molten slag --- wall shear stress --- conjugate heat transfer --- refractory --- shape rolling --- flat rolling --- wire rod --- temperature distribution --- machine learning --- artificial intelligence --- neural network --- BOS reactor --- copper smelting --- SKS --- Shuikoushan process --- oxygen bottom blown --- gated recurrent unit --- support vector data description --- time sequence prediction --- fault detection and identification --- Lignite --- microwave and ultrasound modification --- structural characterization --- 3D molecular model --- structural simulation --- coke combustion rate --- charcoal combustion rate --- iron ore sintering process --- biomass --- quasi-particle --- quasi-particle structure --- monomer blended fuel --- quasi-particle fuel --- apparent activation energy --- coupling effect --- dynamic model --- basic oxygen furnace --- computational fluid dynamics --- CFD-DEM --- coalescence --- settling --- funneling flow --- horizontal single belt casting process (HSBC) --- computational fluid dynamics (CFD) --- double impingement feeding system --- supersonic coherent jet --- decarburization --- steel refining --- EAF --- CFD --- mass transfer coefficient --- physical modeling --- mathematical modeling --- kinetic models --- natural gas --- fuel injection --- combustion --- RAFT --- roll design --- flat-rolled wire --- strain inhomogeneity --- normal pressure --- macroscopic shear bands --- numerical model --- dual gas injection --- slag eye --- electrical energy consumption --- Electric Arc Furnace --- scrap melting --- statistical modeling --- raceway evolution --- raceway size --- flow pattern --- Eulerian multiphase flow --- blast furnace hearth --- dead man --- iron and slag flow --- lining wear --- hearth drainage --- Industry 4.0 --- copper smelter --- nickel-copper smelter --- radiometric sensors --- Peirce-smith converting --- matte-slag chemistry --- discrete event simulation --- adaptive finite differences