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Coercion.

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There are substantial regional differences in the use of coercive measures in mental health in Norway. The Norwegian Directorate of Health is working with a national standardized package of procedures for improving and reducing use of coercion in mental health care and commissioned an updated systematic review to support this work. We summarized 21 studies about interventions for reducing seclusion and restraint in mental health care for adults. The report is an update of a previous systematic review on the same topic conducted in 2012. We included eight new studies in the updated report. Main findings:1. Joint crisis plans probably reduce the number of compulsory admissions.2. Systematic evaluation of aggressive behaviour in patients admitted to an acute psychiatric ward, may reduce the use of restraint and seclusion.3. Couselling towards staff in high security wards may reduce seclusion and restraint.4. For the other interventions (such as community-care network, involuntary outpatient commitment program and personal advocacy for inpatients) conclusions could not be drawn. Further research is needed in order to draw more robust conclusions about the effect of interventions intended to reduce coercive measures, seclusion and restraint, in mental health services. We included 21 studies, of which two were conducted in Norway. All included studies, examined the effect of interventions that are used in Norway, for example joint crisis plans, risk assessment, Assertive Community Treatment teams (ACT-teams), crisis resolution teams and use of written patient contracts.

Coercion. --- Isolation (Hospital care)

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Hypnotism --- Coercion. --- Hypnosis --- History. --- history.

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Many legal theorists maintain that laws are effective because we internalize them, obeying even when not compelled to do so. In a comprehensive reassessment of the role of force in law, Frederick Schauer disagrees, demonstrating that coercion, more than internalized thinking and behaving, distinguishes law from society’s other rules.Reinvigorating ideas from Jeremy Bentham and John Austin, and drawing on empirical research as well as philosophical analysis, Schauer presents an account of legal compliance based on sanction and compulsion, showing that law’s effectiveness depends fundamentally on its coercive potential. Law, in short, is about telling people what to do and threatening them with bad consequences if they fail to comply. Although people may sometimes obey the law out of deference to legal authority rather than fear of sanctions, Schauer challenges the assumption that legal coercion is marginal in society. Force is more pervasive than the state’s efforts to control a minority of disobedient citizens. When people believe that what they should do differs from what the law commands, compliance is less common than assumed, and the necessity of coercion becomes apparent.Challenging prevailing modes of jurisprudential inquiry, Schauer makes clear that the question of legal force has sociological, psychological, political, and economic dimensions that transcend purely conceptual concerns. Grappling with the legal system’s dependence on force helps us understand what law is, how it operates, and how it helps organize society.

Duress (Law) --- Coercion (Law) --- Compulsion --- Criminal liability --- Law --- Necessity (Law) --- Threats --- Torts --- Undue influence --- Law and legislation --- Coercion --- Duress (Law). --- Coercion.

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For the last twenty years, the West African nation of Guinea has exhibited all of the conditions that have led to civil wars in other countries, and Guineans themselves regularly talk about the inevitability of war. Yet the country has narrowly avoided conflict again and again. In A Socialist Peace?, Mike McGovern asks how this is possible, how a nation could beat the odds and evade civil war. Guinea is rich in resources, but its people are some of the poorest in the world. Its political situation is polarized by fiercely competitive ethnic groups. Weapons flow freely through its lands and across its borders. And, finally, it is still recovering from the oppressive regime of Sékou Touré. McGovern argues that while Touré's reign was hardly peaceful, it was successful-often through highly coercive and violent measures-at establishing a set of durable national dispositions, which have kept the nation at peace. Exploring the ambivalences of contemporary Guineans toward the afterlife of Touré's reign as well as their abiding sense of socialist solidarity, McGovern sketches the paradoxes that undergird political stability.

Guinea. --- Touré. --- civil war. --- coercion. --- ethnicity. --- paradox. --- peace. --- socialism. --- solidarity. --- stability. --- Guinea --- Politics and government --- Touré.