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L’Union européenne s’est donné pour objectifs d’atteindre un bilan nul des émissions de gaz à effet
de serre pour 2050. Pour arriver à ces fins, de nombreux pays membres souhaite recourir de manière
intensive à l’utilisation de l’énergie solaire. La surface nécessaire à l’extension du parc solaire s’ajoute à
la pression sur le foncier agricole déjà existante et invite à repenser l’efficacité d’utilisation des surfaces
disponibles.
C’est la promesse que fait l’agrivoltaïsme qui est la combinaison d’agriculture et de production
d’électricité photovoltaïques sur des mêmes terres. Le développement de ces systèmes nécessite des
études approfondies sur l’impact de l’implémentation de modules photovoltaïques sur la physiologie
des plantes, notamment la baisse de rayonnement incident sur celles-ci. Le développement de modèles
agrivoltaïques pour réaliser ces études nécessite un moyen d’évaluer avec précision la distribution du
rayonnement au sein de systèmes agrivoltaïques.
L’objectif de ce travail est de développer un outil de ray tracing permettant cette évaluation. Pour
ce faire, son développement est basé sur le programme OTsun. Celui-ci est modifié pour permettre l’im-
portation d’architectures de plantes issues de modèles structurels et fonctionnels de plantes (FSPM)
et permettre l’exportation des résultats d’éclairement vers ces mêmes FSPM. Des optimisations sont
effectuées afin de permettre une réduction du temps de calcul.
Les résultats indiquent que l’outil reste beaucoup trop coûteux en temps de calcul pour permettre
une intégration pertinente à un modèle agrivoltaïque malgré les optimisations mises en place. Les
causes de cette lenteur sont discutées et certaines recommandations pour un futur développement sont
proposées. The European Union has set itself the goal of achieving zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. In
order to achieve this goal, many member countries want to make intensive use of solar energy. The
area required for the expansion of the solar park adds to the already existing pressure on agricultural
land and invites to rethink the efficiency of the use of the available surfaces.
This is the promise of agrivoltaics, which is the combination of agriculture and photovoltaic elec-
tricity production on the same land. The development of these systems requires in-depth studies on
the impact of the implementation of photovoltaic modules on the physiology of the plants, particularly
the decrease in incident radiation on them. The development of agrivoltaic models to perform these
studies requires a means to accurately assess the distribution of radiation within agrivoltaic systems.
The objective of this work is to develop a ray tracing tool allowing this evaluation. To do this, its
development is based on the program OTsun. This one is modified to allow the import of plant archi-
tectures from functional and structural plant models (FSPM) and to allow the export of the results of
illumination towards these same FSPM. Optimizations are made in order to allow a reduction of the
calculation time.
The results indicate that the tool is still much too expensive in terms of calculation time to allow a
relevant integration to an agrivoltaic model despite the optimizations implemented. The causes of this
slowness are discussed and some recommendations for future development are proposed.

Énergies renouvelable --- Agrivoltaïque --- Photovoltaïque --- OTsun --- FSPM --- Lancer de rayons --- Renewable energie --- Photovoltaic --- Agrivoltaic --- Ray Tracing --- OTsun --- FSPM --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Multidisciplinaire, généralités & autres

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Integration of photovoltaics and electrification in agriculture. Works on the integration of photovoltaics in agriculture, as well as electrification and microgrids in agriculture. In addition, some works on sustainability in agriculture are added.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- transpiration --- PV heat conversion --- plant heat stress --- agrivoltaic system --- sustainable integration --- thermal analysis --- sustainable agriculture --- nexus approach --- rural development --- solar micro-grid --- techno-economic impact --- agrivoltaics --- solar energy --- agriculture --- energy innovation --- technology adoption --- photovoltaics --- extraterrestrial solar irradiation --- global, beam and diffuse solar components --- ground-reflected solar radiation --- horizontal, tilted and oriented solar irradiation --- solar photovoltaics --- agricultural robots --- Agri 4.0 --- battery-based farm machinery --- mobile irrigation system --- smart water sprinklers --- smart pesticide sprayers --- multi-purpose farming robots --- agrophotovoltaic --- agrivoltaic --- dual-land use --- solar sharing --- solar photovoltaic energy --- water-food-energy nexus --- fuses coordination --- protection device --- distributed generation --- distribution network --- photovoltaic --- DIgSILENT --- Agri-PV --- shading --- crop performance --- yields --- product quality --- organic agriculture --- biodynamic agriculture --- land productivity --- localization --- link budget --- spreading factor --- range --- LoRa --- node sensitivity --- SNR --- sustainable greenhouse --- semi-transparent photovoltaic panels --- amorphous silicon --- building-integrated photovoltaics --- microgrid --- organic photovoltaics --- greenhouses --- tomato --- arid region --- food-energy nexus --- solar-powered irrigation --- benefit-cost ratio --- land equivalent ratio

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The pandemic period has caused severe socio-economic damage, but it is accompanied by environmental deterioration that can also affect economic opportunities and social equity. In the face of this double risk, future generations are ready to be resilient and make their contribution not only on the consumption side, but also through their inclusion in all companies by bringing green and circular principles with them. Policy makers can also favor this choice.

Technology: general issues --- mobility choice --- COVID-19 --- best–worst method --- multi-criteria decision making --- air pollution --- air quality --- health effects --- economic burden --- food system --- circular economy --- sustainability --- EU --- Twitter --- COVID-19 pandemic --- local community --- perception analysis --- econometric modeling --- data science --- reflexive governance --- climate change --- infrastructure --- urban resilience --- social sustainability --- economic sustainability --- environmental sustainability --- China --- business --- innovation ecosystem --- innovation strategy --- electric vehicle --- dominant design --- crisis --- pandemic --- higher education --- digitalization --- distance learning --- Covid-19 outbreak --- resilience --- n/a --- strategic resilience --- multi-domain resilience --- strategic agility --- change --- sustainability strategy --- financialization --- TFP --- innovation --- resilience of city --- infectious disease --- urban planning --- supply chain resilience --- IT disruptions --- efficiency measurement --- warehouse logistics --- DEA --- resilient supply chains --- external capital --- customer–supplier relationship --- circular network --- cyber-security --- e-commerce --- Europe --- supply chain collaboration --- small- and medium-sized enterprises --- grey DEMATEL --- fuzzy best-worst method --- agrivoltaic system --- solar photovoltaics --- agronomic management --- crop production --- Food-Energy-Water nexus --- sustainable integration --- women’s leadership --- America Latina --- small and medium-sized enterprises --- renewable energy --- sustainable electricity production --- socio-economic sustainability --- sustainable development goals --- emission level --- levelized cost --- gross domestic product --- pig farmers --- adoption willingness of IoT traceability technology --- Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology --- Latent Moderate Structural Equations --- biomethane --- natural gas grid --- bioenergy --- biogas --- gas supply decarbonization --- incentives --- competences --- digitization --- digital transformation --- Asia Pacific --- CO2 emission --- demand shock --- hypothetical extraction method --- input–output model --- sectoral linkage --- emerging cities --- sustainable operations --- case studies --- the Asian region --- resilience decisions --- cybersecurity --- consumers’ awareness --- methodology --- best-worst method --- customer-supplier relationship --- women's leadership --- input-output model --- consumers' awareness

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The pandemic period has caused severe socio-economic damage, but it is accompanied by environmental deterioration that can also affect economic opportunities and social equity. In the face of this double risk, future generations are ready to be resilient and make their contribution not only on the consumption side, but also through their inclusion in all companies by bringing green and circular principles with them. Policy makers can also favor this choice.

Technology: general issues --- mobility choice --- COVID-19 --- best-worst method --- multi-criteria decision making --- air pollution --- air quality --- health effects --- economic burden --- food system --- circular economy --- sustainability --- EU --- Twitter --- COVID-19 pandemic --- local community --- perception analysis --- econometric modeling --- data science --- reflexive governance --- climate change --- infrastructure --- urban resilience --- social sustainability --- economic sustainability --- environmental sustainability --- China --- business --- innovation ecosystem --- innovation strategy --- electric vehicle --- dominant design --- crisis --- pandemic --- higher education --- digitalization --- distance learning --- Covid-19 outbreak --- resilience --- strategic resilience --- multi-domain resilience --- strategic agility --- change --- sustainability strategy --- financialization --- TFP --- innovation --- resilience of city --- infectious disease --- urban planning --- supply chain resilience --- IT disruptions --- efficiency measurement --- warehouse logistics --- DEA --- resilient supply chains --- external capital --- customer-supplier relationship --- circular network --- cyber-security --- e-commerce --- Europe --- supply chain collaboration --- small- and medium-sized enterprises --- grey DEMATEL --- fuzzy best-worst method --- agrivoltaic system --- solar photovoltaics --- agronomic management --- crop production --- Food-Energy-Water nexus --- sustainable integration --- women's leadership --- America Latina --- small and medium-sized enterprises --- renewable energy --- sustainable electricity production --- socio-economic sustainability --- sustainable development goals --- emission level --- levelized cost --- gross domestic product --- pig farmers --- adoption willingness of IoT traceability technology --- Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology --- Latent Moderate Structural Equations --- biomethane --- natural gas grid --- bioenergy --- biogas --- gas supply decarbonization --- incentives --- competences --- digitization --- digital transformation --- Asia Pacific --- CO2 emission --- demand shock --- hypothetical extraction method --- input-output model --- sectoral linkage --- emerging cities --- sustainable operations --- case studies --- the Asian region --- resilience decisions --- cybersecurity --- consumers' awareness --- methodology