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Alteration in adequate energy balance maintenance results in serious disturbances such as obesity and its related metabolic disorders. In Mammals, energy balance is homeostatically controlled through hormonal and neuroendocrine systems which cooperation is based on cross-talk between central and peripheral signals. The hypothalamus as well as peripheral hormones among which adipokines from adipose tissue and thyroid hormones play a crucial role in energy homeostasis. Unraveling the physiological, cellular and molecular mechanisms through which hormonal and neuroendocrine systems regulate energy balance has been a long-standing challenge in biology and is now more necessary when considering the world-wide increasing prevalence of obesity. Indeed, recognizing and understanding the biochemical and nutrient signaling pathways contributing to the nervous and endocrine integration of physiological mechanisms involved in the normal and/or abnormal regulation of energy balance is fundamental also to the development of new, effective, and targeted treatments for obesity. Recent studies have highlighted the role of hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin-expressing neurons in the regulation of energy homeostasis by controlling energy expenditure and food intake. This is accomplished through a precise balance of production and degradation of a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, an anorexigenic neuropeptide which is degraded to an inactive form unable to inhibit food intake by the key enzyme prolyl carboxypeptidase (PRCP), thus suggesting that pharmacologic approaches targeting PRCP may provide a novel and effective option for the management of obesity and its associated metabolic disorders. Indeed, efforts have been made to generate potent, brain-penetrant PRCP inhibitors. Weight loss due to negative energy balance is a goal for obese subjects not always reachable by dietary caloric restriction or increased physical activity. Lipid-lowering therapies have been suggested to have potential benefits, however, the establishment of comprehensive therapeutic strategies is still awaited. Recently, it has been reported that thyroid hormone (TH)- derivatives such as 3,5-diiodothyronine and 3-iodothyronamine possess interesting biological activities, opening new perspectives in thyroid physiology and TH derivatives therapeutic usage. Moreover, several studies, focusing on the interaction between thyroid hormone (TH), the autonomic nervous system and the liver, revealed an important role for the hypothalamus in the differential effects of TH on autonomic outflow to peripheral organs controlling energy balance. This Research Topic aims to give a comprehensive and integrate view of the factors involved in the endocrine and neuroendocrine signaling in energy balance regulation to highlight their involvement into physiological processes and regulatory systems as well as their perturbation during pathological processes.

Uncoupling --- Mitochondria --- catch up fat --- brown adipose tissue --- Thyroid Hormones --- Lipid Metabolism --- energy balance --- Apelin --- melanocortin --- Adipogenesis

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Alteration in adequate energy balance maintenance results in serious disturbances such as obesity and its related metabolic disorders. In Mammals, energy balance is homeostatically controlled through hormonal and neuroendocrine systems which cooperation is based on cross-talk between central and peripheral signals. The hypothalamus as well as peripheral hormones among which adipokines from adipose tissue and thyroid hormones play a crucial role in energy homeostasis. Unraveling the physiological, cellular and molecular mechanisms through which hormonal and neuroendocrine systems regulate energy balance has been a long-standing challenge in biology and is now more necessary when considering the world-wide increasing prevalence of obesity. Indeed, recognizing and understanding the biochemical and nutrient signaling pathways contributing to the nervous and endocrine integration of physiological mechanisms involved in the normal and/or abnormal regulation of energy balance is fundamental also to the development of new, effective, and targeted treatments for obesity. Recent studies have highlighted the role of hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin-expressing neurons in the regulation of energy homeostasis by controlling energy expenditure and food intake. This is accomplished through a precise balance of production and degradation of a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, an anorexigenic neuropeptide which is degraded to an inactive form unable to inhibit food intake by the key enzyme prolyl carboxypeptidase (PRCP), thus suggesting that pharmacologic approaches targeting PRCP may provide a novel and effective option for the management of obesity and its associated metabolic disorders. Indeed, efforts have been made to generate potent, brain-penetrant PRCP inhibitors. Weight loss due to negative energy balance is a goal for obese subjects not always reachable by dietary caloric restriction or increased physical activity. Lipid-lowering therapies have been suggested to have potential benefits, however, the establishment of comprehensive therapeutic strategies is still awaited. Recently, it has been reported that thyroid hormone (TH)- derivatives such as 3,5-diiodothyronine and 3-iodothyronamine possess interesting biological activities, opening new perspectives in thyroid physiology and TH derivatives therapeutic usage. Moreover, several studies, focusing on the interaction between thyroid hormone (TH), the autonomic nervous system and the liver, revealed an important role for the hypothalamus in the differential effects of TH on autonomic outflow to peripheral organs controlling energy balance. This Research Topic aims to give a comprehensive and integrate view of the factors involved in the endocrine and neuroendocrine signaling in energy balance regulation to highlight their involvement into physiological processes and regulatory systems as well as their perturbation during pathological processes.

Uncoupling --- Mitochondria --- catch up fat --- brown adipose tissue --- Thyroid Hormones --- Lipid Metabolism --- energy balance --- Apelin --- melanocortin --- Adipogenesis

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Well-being is received increased attention from people, researchers, and physicians. The main goal is to prevent the onset of pathologic health issues instead of using conventional pharmacological approaches unless absolutely necessary. Prevention and well-being are closely linked to the wrong lifestyle and dietary habits, which can determine the onset of illness. Some health conditions can be prevented and treated with the use of nutraceuticals in daily diet. Nutraceuticals are pharmacologically active substances that can be extracted from vegetable or animal products, and concentrated and administered in a suitable pharmaceutical form. A nutraceutical can provide beneficial health effects, e.g., the prevention and/or, in some cases, the treatment of disease. The key aspect is defining the range of possible uses for these new food-drugs and substantiation with in vitro and in vivo clinical data that support their efficacy, safety, and health benefits. This Special Issue is dedicated to assessing the sources, composition, formulation, use, experience in clinical use, mechanisms of action, and clinical data of nutraceuticals, which represent a new horizon for therapy and provide valuable tools to reduce the cost of the healthcare system, addressing resources for prevention rather than pharmacological therapy.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Food & society --- microalgae --- Spirulina --- Chlorella --- Klamath --- food supplement --- quality control --- cinnamon --- white adipocyte differentiation --- fatty acid oxidation --- lipogenesis --- adipogenesis --- red yeast rice --- lovastatin --- nutraceutical --- safety --- health --- HPLC --- wine --- polyphenols --- antioxidants --- hydroxytyrosol --- trans-resveratrol --- n/a --- EVOO --- biophenols --- oleuropein --- multivariate statistical analysis --- OPLS-DA --- food profiling --- β-polysaccharides --- antioxidant activity --- Opuntia ficus-indica --- cladodes --- pumpkin seed oil --- fatty acids --- stereospecific analysis --- sterols --- alcohols

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Angiogenesis has recently played a critical role in regulation of adipose tissue expansion and regression.  Like most other tissues in the body, adipose expansion and regression is accompanied by alteration of blood vessel density and structures. The vascular alteration plays an active role in regulation of adipose tissue size and functions.   Targeting blood vessels in the adipose tissue have demonstrated to be a novel approach for possibly treatment of cancer, obesity and other metabolic diseases. This book provides the most updated information on this type research and discusses future opportunities for therapy.

Adipose tissues --- Neovascularization --- Metaplasia --- Cell Differentiation --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Cardiovascular Physiological Processes --- Connective Tissue --- Pathologic Processes --- Tissues --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Cell Physiological Processes --- Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena --- Anatomy --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms --- Cell Physiological Phenomena --- Circulatory and Respiratory Physiological Phenomena --- Diseases --- Phenomena and Processes --- Neovascularization, Pathologic --- Adipose Tissue --- Adipogenesis --- Physiology --- Neovascularization, Physiologic --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Adipose tissues. --- Neovascularization. --- Angiogenesis --- Adipose tissue --- Body fat tissues --- Fat tissue --- Fatty tissue --- Medicine. --- Cancer research. --- Lipids. --- Cell biology. --- Biomedicine. --- Cancer Research. --- Lipidology. --- Cell Biology. --- Blood-vessels --- Connective tissues --- Fat --- Growth --- Oncology. --- Cytology. --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Lipides --- Lipins --- Lipoids --- Biomolecules --- Steroids --- Tumors --- Cancer research --- Cancer --- Research.

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Marine fungal natural products are well-known as the “blue gold,” as they have been promising leads for drug discovery and development. Even though marine fungi are less explored in comparison to their terrestrial counterparts, a number of useful hits have been obtained from a drug discovery perspective. Topics discussed in this book include a review on novel natural products from extremophilic fungi, secondary metabolites from deep-sea fungi; natural products from fungi in a symbiotic relationship with marine macro-organisms; and bioactive metabolites from sediment-derived fungi. Marine biologists, chemists, and pharmacologists will find the book a good reference material. The book covers various bioactive marine fungal natural products, and it is hoped that this book aids scientists explore fungal chemical diversity.

natural products --- extremophilic fungi --- biological activity --- deep-sea derived fungus --- Phialocephala sp. --- nitrogen-containing sorbicillinoids --- radical scavenging activity --- sponge-derived fungus --- Alternaria sp. --- perylenequinone derivatives --- X-ray single crystal diffraction --- cytotoxic activity --- antibacterial --- Phomopsis lithocarpus --- benzophenone derivatives --- eremophilane derivative --- aspochalasin --- tricyclic fused --- gut fungus --- cytotoxicity --- endophytic fungus --- Myrothecium sp. --- meroterpenoids --- isocoumarinoids --- α-glucosidase inhibitors --- salt-resistant plant --- Apocynum venetum --- Fusarium solani H915 --- bis-alkenoic acid esters --- fusaridioic acid A --- fusariumester A1 --- fusariumester A2 --- fusariumester B --- tea pathogenic fungi inhibitory effect --- herqueinones --- phenalenones --- Penicillium sp. --- marine-derived fungi --- adipogenesis --- anti-angiogenesis --- anti-inflammatory --- marine-derived fungus --- Aspergillus versicolor --- diketopiperazine --- anthraquinone derivatives --- Sporendonema casei --- cytotoxic activities --- antibacterial activities --- n/a