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Transgenes --- Transgenes
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Food. --- Biogenic amines --- Plants, genetically modified --- Transgenes
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TEC Biotechnology --- transgenes --- thesis --- food and medical applications --- human nutrition
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Obesity belongs to a cluster of metabolic abnormities (insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and hypofibrinolysis) leading to an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. These related disorders are components of the metabolic syndrome. It has become clear from epidemiological studies that some increase in the adipose tissue mass antedates the development of other metabolic disorders. However, the cellular and molecular basis of this connection is still elusive.
Adipocytes secrete a large number physiologically active peptides, that often share structural properties of cytokines, and are therefore referred to collectively as “adipocytokines”. One of these, adiponectin (ApN), might be able to counteract several abnormal components of the metabolic syndrome. This hormone prevents the development of atheroscerosis, enhances insulin sensibility increases muscle fatty oxidation and causes weight loss in mice.
The in vivo effects of early and long term overproduction of ApN by tissue adipose itself are currently unknown.
The aim of the present work was two-fold: (1) to generate transgenic mice with targeted overexpression of ApN to adipose tissue and (2) genotype the animals.
The plasmid that direct fat-specific ApN expression was constructed in three steps using standard cloning procedures. First, a – 5.4 kb fragment of the adipocyte P2 (aP2) promoter gene was inserted upstream of the murine ApN cDNA. Second, polylinkers sites were added into pcDNAI vector to allow further excision of the appropriate DNA construct. Third, fused aP2 promoter ApN cDNA was cloned into pcDNAI upstream of the SV40 intron and polyadenylation signal. For microinjection, a 7.4 kb DNA fragment containing the aP2 promoter, ApN, cDNA, intro, andpolyadenylation site was obtained free of a vector sequences by Sac II digestion and gel purification. This fragment was microinjected in FVB zygote, which were re-implanted in FVB pseudo-pregnant mice. Microinjections were performed by Eurogentec Life Technologies.
Out of one hundred microinjected eggs, 28 mice were born, from which 9 turned out of carry the transgene. Transgenic mice were screened by PCR on tail DNA. The identification of positive animals which carried from 2 to > 100 copies was further confirmed by Southern blotting.
For detailed characterization of mouse phenotype, the transgenic lines overexpressing the highest levels of the transgene, as detected by mRNA analysis, combined with the highest levels of plasma ApN, will be selected over the first generation.
These animals should be helpful to gain insight into the potential in vivo repercussions of early and long term targeted overproduction of ApN by adipose tissue in several physiological or pathophysiological conditions. These studies should potentially open new therapeutic perspectives for the metabolic syndrome L’obésité pourrait être un facteur déterminant, si pas causal, dans l’association de diverses anomalies métaboliques prédictives de maladies cardiovasculaires (insulinorésistance, diabète de type 2, hypertension artérielle, dyslipidémie et hypofibrinolyse). L’ensemble constitue le syndrome plurimétabolique, véritable problème de santé publique, dont les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires restent encore mal connus. Le tissu adipeux s’est révélé capable de sécréter un grand nombre de molécules bio-actives (adipocytokines et pourrait, peut-être par ce biais, être impliqué dans la pathogénie de ce syndrome.
Une de ces adipocytokines, l’adiponectine (ApN) a retenu notre attention. Contrairement aux autres facteurs adipocytaires, ses taux circulants sont réduits chez les patients obèses ou présentant un syndrome plurimétabolique. Cette hormone pourrait potentiellement contrecarrer plusieurs facettes du syndrome plurimétabolique. En effet, elle exerce des propriétés anti-athérogènes. De plus, elle présente des effets anti-diabétiques en augmentant la sensibilité à l’insuline et « anti-obésité » en favorisant l’oxydation préférentielle des acides gras. Les répercussions in vivo d’une élévation précoce et chronique d’ApN, a fortiori, celle émanant d’une production accrue par l’adipocyte même sont, à ce jour, inconnues.
Pour tenter de les appréhender, nous avons créé des souris transgéniques surexprimant sélectivement l’ApN dans le tissu adipeux. Le but de mon travail a été double (1) participer à la construction du transgène et (2) au génotypage des souris.
La construction du transgène s’est réalisée en trois étapes. Nous avons tout d’abord inséré le promoteur du gène codant pour un transporteur d’acides gras spécifique au tissu adipeux (aP2) en amont de l’ADNc et de l’ApN murin, ciblant ainsi spécifiquement l’expression de ce dernier dans le tissu adipeux. Nous avons ensuite préparé un vecteur receveur (plasmide pcDNAI), notamment par addition de polylinkers devant permettre la libération du transgène final. Finalement, nous avons inséré le tandem aP2-ApN en amont à la queue polyA du vecteur receveur. Le transgène de 7.4 kb (qui contient le promoteur aP2 ; l’ADNc ApN, un intron et le site de polyadénylation) a été libéré de son vecteur après digestion par Sac II, puis purifié. Ce transgène a été injecté dans le pronucleus mâle d’œufs fécondés, puis réimplantés dans l’utérus de femelles pseudogestantes (Eurogentec).
Une centaine d’œufs ont été injectés, 28 souriceaux sont nés dont 8-9 se sont révélés positifs par PCR et Southern Blot. A notre grande satisfaction, le nombre de copies du transgène intégré dans le génome des souriceaux varie de 2 à plus de 100.
Nous comptons sélectionner les lignées fondatrices sur base de l’expression des ARNm dans le tissu adipeux et des taux circulants d’ApN dans le plasma chez les souris positives de la première génération, puis commencer la caractérisation du phénotype.
Ces animaux devraient nous permettre d’étudier les répercussions potentielles d’une surexpression précoce et prolongée d’ApN, produite spécifiquement par le tissu adipeux, dans divers contextes physiologiques ou physiopathologiques. A terme, ces études pourraient peut-être déboucher sur de nouvelles perspectives thérapeutiques dans le cadre du syndrome plurimétabolique
Mice --- Transgenes --- Obesity --- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha --- Interleukin-6
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The ability to genetically engineer oncolytic viruses in order to minimize side effects and improve the selective targeting of tumor cells has opened up novel opportunities for treating cancer. Understanding the mechanisms involved and the complex interaction between the viruses and the immune system will undoubtedly help guide the development of new strategies. Theranostic biomarkers to monitor these therapies in clinical trials serve an important need in this innovative field and demand further research.
theranostic nanomedicine --- cancer immunotherapy --- oncolytic viruses --- antitumor immunity --- oncoimmunology --- gene expression --- transgenes --- theranostic nanomedicine --- cancer immunotherapy --- oncolytic viruses --- antitumor immunity --- oncoimmunology --- gene expression --- transgenes
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The ability to genetically engineer oncolytic viruses in order to minimize side effects and improve the selective targeting of tumor cells has opened up novel opportunities for treating cancer. Understanding the mechanisms involved and the complex interaction between the viruses and the immune system will undoubtedly help guide the development of new strategies. Theranostic biomarkers to monitor these therapies in clinical trials serve an important need in this innovative field and demand further research.
theranostic nanomedicine --- cancer immunotherapy --- oncolytic viruses --- antitumor immunity --- oncoimmunology --- gene expression --- transgenes
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The ability to genetically engineer oncolytic viruses in order to minimize side effects and improve the selective targeting of tumor cells has opened up novel opportunities for treating cancer. Understanding the mechanisms involved and the complex interaction between the viruses and the immune system will undoubtedly help guide the development of new strategies. Theranostic biomarkers to monitor these therapies in clinical trials serve an important need in this innovative field and demand further research.
theranostic nanomedicine --- cancer immunotherapy --- oncolytic viruses --- antitumor immunity --- oncoimmunology --- gene expression --- transgenes
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Transgenes --- Muscle, Skeletal --- Genetic Heterogeneity --- Genetic Therapy --- Receptors, Cell Surface --- Gene Transfer Techniques --- Adenoviridae --- genetics --- metabolism --- methods --- therapeutic use --- genetics
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Transgenes --- Genetic transformation --- Transgènes --- Transfert de gènes --- Plante de culture --- Crops --- Génie génétique --- genetic engineering --- Transformation génétique --- genetic transformation --- Expression des gènes --- gene expression --- methods --- Recherche --- research --- Plante transgénique --- Transgenic plants --- Impact sur l'environnement --- Environmental impact --- Transgènes --- Transfert de gènes
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GEN Genetics & Population Genetics --- genetically modified organisms ( GMOs ) --- transgenes --- transgenic plants --- pollen --- pollen dispersal --- hybridization --- environmental factors --- Transgenic plants. --- Plantes transgéniques --- Transgenic plants --- Risk assessment. --- Evaluation du risque
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