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The Hedgehog signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that governs complex developmental processes, including stem cell maintenance, proliferation, differentiation, and patterning. Several recent studies have shown that the aberrant activation of Hedgehog signaling is associated with neoplastic transformation, cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, multiple cancers’ drug resistance, and survival rates. This book focuses on several aspects of Hedgehog signaling in organogenesis and the tumor microenvironment, and presents reviews and original papers on recent efforts in the field of Hedgehog signaling.

Cyp26 enzymes --- congenital anomalies --- CRE/LoxP --- hedgehog signaling --- mouse models --- retinoic acid --- smoothened --- sonic hedgehog --- sonic hedgehog (SHH) --- oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) --- tumor microenvironment (TME) --- tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) --- cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) --- tumor-associated angiogenesis --- hedgehog --- growth plate --- endochondral ossification --- chondrocyte --- osteoblast --- bone disease --- TMJ --- synovial joint --- articular disc --- Ihh --- PTHrP --- osteoarthritis --- epithelial–mesenchymal interaction (EMI) --- prostate cancer --- external genitalia --- androgen --- basement membrane --- bone morphogenetic protein --- stem cell --- animal experiment --- fracture healing --- cancer stem cells --- hypospadias --- urethra --- penis --- bone --- hedgehog signalling --- tooth development --- epithelial and mesenchymal interaction --- Gli1 --- mesenchymal stem cell --- lineage tracing analysis --- stem cell marker --- n/a --- epithelial-mesenchymal interaction (EMI)

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A revelatory tale of how the human brain develops, from conception to birth and beyondBy the time a baby is born, its brain is equipped with billions of intricately crafted neurons wired together through trillions of interconnections to form a compact and breathtakingly efficient supercomputer. Zero to Birth takes you on an extraordinary journey to the very edge of creation, from the moment of an egg’s fertilization through each step of a human brain’s development in the womb—and even a little beyond.As pioneering experimental neurobiologist W. A. Harris guides you through the process of how the brain is built, he takes up the biggest questions that scientists have asked about the developing brain, describing many of the thrilling discoveries that were foundational to our current understanding. He weaves in a remarkable evolutionary story that begins billions of years ago in the Proterozoic eon, when multicellular animals first emerged from single-cell organisms, and reveals how the growth of a fetal brain over nine months reflects the brain’s evolution through the ages. Our brains have much in common with those of other animals, and Harris offers an illuminating look at how comparative animal studies have been crucial to understanding what makes a human brain human.An unforgettable chronicle of one of nature’s greatest achievements, Zero to Birth describes how the brain’s incredible feat of orchestrated growth ensures that every brain is unique, and how breakthroughs at the frontiers of science are helping us to decode many traits that only reveal themselves later in life.

SCIENCE / Life Sciences / Neuroscience. --- Action potential. --- Agrin. --- Angiogenesis. --- Antibody. --- Apoptosis. --- Astrocyte. --- Axon guidance. --- Axon. --- Blastula. --- Brain asymmetry. --- Broca's area. --- Cancer cell. --- Cell type. --- Cerebral atrophy. --- Cerebral cortex. --- Charles Darwin. --- Chemical synapse. --- Critical period. --- Cyclopamine. --- Degenerative disease. --- Dendrite. --- Down syndrome. --- Ectoderm. --- Embryo. --- Embryology. --- Endocrinology. --- Eric Knudsen. --- Evolution. --- FOXP2. --- Filopodia. --- Forebrain. --- Ganglion cell. --- Gastrulation. --- Gene. --- Growth cone. --- Hans Spemann. --- Hebbian theory. --- Hindbrain. --- Hirschsprung's disease. --- Homeosis. --- Hox gene. --- Human brain. --- Immortalised cell line. --- John Gurdon. --- Lancelot Hogben. --- Lateralization of brain function. --- Marian Diamond. --- Midbrain. --- Model organism. --- Morphogen. --- Motor neuron. --- Muscle. --- Myocyte. --- Nematode. --- Nervous tissue. --- Neural crest. --- Neural development. --- Neural plate. --- Neural stem cell. --- Neural tube defect. --- Neural tube. --- Neuroblast. --- Neuroblastoma. --- Neuroepithelial cell. --- Neuroglia. --- Neuroimaging. --- Neuron doctrine. --- Neuron. --- Organoid. --- Petri dish. --- Progenitor cell. --- Proneural genes. --- Protein. --- Protocadherin. --- Purkinje cell. --- Reeler. --- Reelin. --- Renshaw cell. --- Reticular theory. --- Retinoic acid. --- Roel Nusse. --- Ross Granville Harrison. --- Sarcoma. --- Sonic hedgehog. --- Spina bifida. --- Spinal cord. --- Spindle apparatus. --- Stem cell. --- Sydney Brenner. --- Synapsis. --- Synaptic plasticity. --- Thomas Hunt Morgan. --- Thrombospondin. --- Torsten Wiesel. --- Transformation (genetics). --- Twin. --- Vertebrate. --- Visual word form area. --- White blood cell. --- Zygote. --- Brain --- Growth. --- Neuronal Plasticity --- SCIENCE / Life Sciences / Neuroscience --- SCIENCE / Life Sciences / Developmental Biology --- growth & development --- embryology --- physiology

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Adipose tissue is a rich, ubiquitous, and easily accessible source for multipotent mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs), so-called adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs). Primary isolated ASCs are a heterogeneous preparation consisting of several subpopulations of stromal/stem and precursor cells. Donor-specific differences in ASC isolations and the lack of culture standardization hinder the comparison of results from different studies. Nevertheless, ASCs are already being used in different in vivo models and clinical trials to investigate their ability to improve tissue and organ regeneration. Many questions concerning their counterparts and biology in situ, their differentiation potential in vitro and in vivo, and the mechanisms of regeneration (paracrine effects, including regeneration-promoting factors and extracellular vesicles, differentiation, and immunomodulation) are not completely understood or remain unanswered. This Special Issue covers research articles investigating various adipose tissues as a source for ASC isolation, specific cultures methods to enhance proliferation or viability, and the differentiation capacity. Furthermore, other studies highlight aspects of various diseases, the immunosuppressive potential of ASCs and their derivates, or the in vivo tracking of transplanted ASCs. This edition is complemented by a review that summarizes the current knowledge of spheroid culture system methods and applications for mesenchymal stem cells.

Medicine --- lipomas --- adipose tissue --- stem cells --- adipogenesis --- osteogenesis --- mesenchymal stem cells --- T-cells --- conditioned medium --- extracellular vesicles --- TLR --- INF-γ --- adipose-derived stromal cells --- equine metabolic syndrome --- metformin --- adipose-derived stem cells --- adipocytes --- differentiation --- collagen I --- adiponectin --- integrins --- discoidin domain-containing receptor --- ageing --- subcutaneous fat --- adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (ASCs) --- cell differentiation --- volatile organic compounds --- metabolic monitoring --- adipose-derived stromal/stem cells --- chondrogenesis --- colony forming unit-fibroblast --- fetal bovine serum --- human platelet lysate --- mesenchymal stem cell --- regenerative medicine --- human adipose-derived stem cells --- stem cell proliferation --- signaling pathway --- adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells --- migration --- secretion --- primary cilium --- sonic hedgehog signaling --- mesenchymal stromal/stem cells --- perirenal --- fat --- characterization --- stimulation --- lipopolysaccharide --- cytokines --- cytomegalovirus --- angiogenesis --- adipose derived mesenchymal cells --- Histogel --- 3D cell culture --- spheroid culture --- biomaterials --- phenotype --- secretory potential --- ankylosing spondylitis --- systemic lupus erythematosus --- systemic sclerosis --- mesenchymal stromal cells --- breast cancer --- tumor microenvironment --- perineural invasion --- adipose derived stem cells --- valproic acid --- protein interactions --- MAPK pathway --- JAK/STAT pathway --- mesenchymal stromal cell --- tissue of origin --- prolonged culture --- epigenetic memory --- tracking --- bio imaging --- bioluminescence --- qRT-PCR --- Ataxia telangiectasia --- Atm --- n/a

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Starting from a kinase of interest, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has gone far beyond an average biomolecule. Being expressed in all mammalian cell types and probably having a counterpart in every eukaryotic cell, AMPK has attracted interest in virtually all areas of biological research. Structural and biophysical insights have greatly contributed to a molecular understanding of this kinase. From good old protein biochemistry to modern approaches, such as systems biology and advanced microscopy, all disciplines have provided important information. Thus, multiple links to cellular events and subcellular localizations have been established. Moreover, the crucial involvement of AMPK in human health and disease has been evidenced. AMPK accordingly has moved from an interesting enzyme to a pharmacological target. However, despite our extensive current knowledge about AMPK, the growing community is busier than ever. This book provides a snapshot of recent and current AMPK research with an emphasis on work providing molecular insight, including but not limited to novel physiological and pathological functions, or regulatory mechanisms. Up-to-date reviews and research articles are included.

n/a --- HDACs --- transcription --- epigenetics --- spermatozoa --- par complex --- A769662 --- MDCK --- skeletal muscle --- AID --- phosphorylation --- energy metabolism --- monocytes --- autophagy --- CML --- liver --- hindlimb suspension --- pregnancy --- preeclampsia --- gestational diabetes mellitus --- CaMKK2 --- assisted reproduction techniques --- nutrient-sensing signals --- sonic hedgehog --- protein acetylation --- glycogen storage disease --- AMPK --- adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase --- AICAR --- indirect calorimetry --- IL-1? --- MyHC I(?) --- HDAC4/5 --- endothelial cells --- infection --- hepatocyte --- p70S6K --- lipid metabolism --- host defense --- exercise --- kidney disease --- heat shock protein --- ?RIM --- mycobacteria --- activation loop --- developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) --- CREB --- TAK1 --- metabolic-inflammation --- phenylephrine --- AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) --- KATs --- 2-methoxyestradiol --- DNA methylation --- NLRP3 --- pump --- ?-linker --- steatosis --- AMPK kinase --- stress --- endothelial nitric-oxide synthase --- vasodilation --- adherent junctions --- epithelial cells --- glycogen --- Akt --- synaptic activation --- cellular energy sensing --- glucose uptake --- transporter --- co-expression --- atrophy --- nutrigenomics --- motility --- vasoconstriction --- fatty acid oxidation --- oxidative stress --- AS160 --- membrane --- histone modification --- sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) --- chromatin remodeling --- insulin signalling --- dietary fatty acids --- ULK --- CMML --- adaptive thermogenesis --- mTOR --- MDS --- mechanical unloading --- AML --- endothelial function --- medulloblastoma --- PKA --- adipose tissue --- NAD⁺ --- membranes --- nutrition --- ZO-1 --- TBC1D4 --- adipocyte --- soluble Adenylyl cyclase --- metabolism --- renin-angiotensin system --- energy utilization --- proteasome --- differentiation --- signaling --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-? (PGC1?) --- hypertrophy --- AMP-activated protein kinase --- metabolic disease --- LKB1 --- soleus muscle --- macrophages --- Immediate early genes --- CBS --- beiging --- motor endplate remodeling --- ionomycin --- nectin-afadin --- tight junctions --- resveratrol --- protein kinase B --- regrowth --- mitochondria --- protein synthesis --- energy deficiency --- catechol-O-methyltransferase --- fiber-type --- microarrays --- carrier --- acetyl-CoA --- hypertension --- 3T3-L1 --- hypothalamus --- food intake --- benign

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Starting from a kinase of interest, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has gone far beyond an average biomolecule. Being expressed in all mammalian cell types and probably having a counterpart in every eukaryotic cell, AMPK has attracted interest in virtually all areas of biological research. Structural and biophysical insights have greatly contributed to a molecular understanding of this kinase. From good old protein biochemistry to modern approaches, such as systems biology and advanced microscopy, all disciplines have provided important information. Thus, multiple links to cellular events and subcellular localizations have been established. Moreover, the crucial involvement of AMPK in human health and disease has been evidenced. AMPK accordingly has moved from an interesting enzyme to a pharmacological target. However, despite our extensive current knowledge about AMPK, the growing community is busier than ever. This book provides a snapshot of recent and current AMPK research with an emphasis on work providing molecular insight, including but not limited to novel physiological and pathological functions, or regulatory mechanisms. Up-to-date reviews and research articles are included.

HDACs --- transcription --- epigenetics --- spermatozoa --- par complex --- A769662 --- MDCK --- skeletal muscle --- AID --- phosphorylation --- energy metabolism --- monocytes --- autophagy --- CML --- liver --- hindlimb suspension --- pregnancy --- preeclampsia --- gestational diabetes mellitus --- CaMKK2 --- assisted reproduction techniques --- nutrient-sensing signals --- sonic hedgehog --- protein acetylation --- glycogen storage disease --- AMPK --- adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase --- AICAR --- indirect calorimetry --- IL-1? --- MyHC I(?) --- HDAC4/5 --- endothelial cells --- infection --- hepatocyte --- p70S6K --- lipid metabolism --- host defense --- exercise --- kidney disease --- heat shock protein --- ?RIM --- mycobacteria --- activation loop --- developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) --- CREB --- TAK1 --- metabolic-inflammation --- phenylephrine --- AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) --- KATs --- 2-methoxyestradiol --- DNA methylation --- NLRP3 --- pump --- ?-linker --- steatosis --- AMPK kinase --- stress --- endothelial nitric-oxide synthase --- vasodilation --- adherent junctions --- epithelial cells --- glycogen --- Akt --- synaptic activation --- cellular energy sensing --- glucose uptake --- transporter --- co-expression --- atrophy --- nutrigenomics --- motility --- vasoconstriction --- fatty acid oxidation --- oxidative stress --- AS160 --- membrane --- histone modification --- sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) --- chromatin remodeling --- insulin signalling --- dietary fatty acids --- ULK --- CMML --- adaptive thermogenesis --- mTOR --- MDS --- mechanical unloading --- AML --- endothelial function --- medulloblastoma --- PKA --- adipose tissue --- NAD⁺ --- membranes --- nutrition --- ZO-1 --- TBC1D4 --- adipocyte --- soluble Adenylyl cyclase --- metabolism --- renin-angiotensin system --- energy utilization --- proteasome --- differentiation --- signaling --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-? (PGC1?) --- hypertrophy --- AMP-activated protein kinase --- metabolic disease --- LKB1 --- soleus muscle --- macrophages --- Immediate early genes --- CBS --- benign --- motor endplate remodeling --- ionomycin --- nectin-afadin --- tight junctions --- resveratrol --- protein kinase B --- regrowth --- mitochondria --- protein synthesis --- energy deficiency --- catechol-O-methyltransferase --- fiber-type --- microarrays --- carrier --- acetyl-CoA --- hypertension --- 3T3-L1 --- hypothalamus --- food intake