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The seasonal worker program (SWP) was formally introduced in 2012 following a four-year pilot scheme. The program maintains the dual objectives of: (i) contributing to the economic development of nine participating Pacific Island countries and Timor-Leste; and (ii) filling labor shortages in the Australian agriculture sector, accommodation sector (in selected locations), and tourism sector (the Northern Australia tourism pilot). This paper assesses the first of these objectives, evaluating the impact of the SWP on workers, their households, and communities. In doing so, it aims to build on the evidence already collected on the development impacts of the Pacific seasonal worker pilot scheme and shed further light on how the program can be improved to increase the benefits flowing through to the Pacific region.

Inequality --- Labor Markets --- Poverty Reduction --- Skills Development and Labor Force Training --- Social Protections and Labor

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The Employer Survey Snapshot features a descriptive analysis of the data collected during the first two waves of the Skills Towards Employment and Productivity (STEP) Employer Surveys. Key objectives of the Snapshot are (1) to explain the motivation and relevance behind the implementation of employer skills surveys and (2) to highlight some of the observed cross-country patterns from six participating countries, namely, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam and China (Yunnan Province). The Snapshot provides information on how employers view jobs mismatch and how they identify and value worker skills sets. In addition, it includes insights from innovative firms and examples of training provisions. A section on survey methodology has also been included as an annex.

Employment --- Labor Markets --- Poverty Reduction --- Productivity --- Skills Development and Labor Force Training --- Social Protections and Labor

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The objective of the report is to assess and find potential solutions to the challenge's youth face when transitioning from school to work with a focus on labor market 'supply side' reforms that are relevant to improve the employability of youth. We recognize that rural and urban investment climates, regulatory frameworks, taxation systems, overall macro-economic frameworks, and human capital (education and training policy, basic health) are prerequisites for many interventions on the demand side of the labor market to be successful. The report provides a holistic assessment, including both demand and supply-side constraints, triangulating findings from available qualitative and quantitative data on youth and employers. It inevitably documents an extensive set of issues. However, it does not aim to assess the broader investment climate and macro context or all firm-level constraints to job creation as a full job diagnostic would do. The lack of jobs and slow labor demand are found to be major constraints to youth employment, but macro and structural constraints to job creation are not assessed in the report in depth. The scope of the policy recommendations put forth focus on labor market reforms that could improve the employability of youth and are meant to complement recommendations on a broader set of macro and business environment reforms aimed at enabling private firms to start up, grow, and create jobs. Until major constraints to labor demand are addressed and job creation picks up, the recommendations presented in the report will remain necessary but will not be sufficient to address the youth employment challenge.

Employment and Unemployment --- Labor Markets --- Skills Development and Labor Force Training --- Social Protections and Labor

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Demand-driven training (DDT) and results-based contracting (RBC) are two mechanisms used to enhance the effectiveness and impact of skill training programs. DDT links skills development explicitly with the job market, typically through employer engagement. Private sector employers define what type of training is necessary, either directly or indirectly through training providers. RBC is based on an agreement with training providers by which the disbursement of funding is conditional on the achievement of defined targets, most often verified gainful employment. Although these two mechanisms are independent, they are frequently combined. Much has been written about various approaches to DDT. However, relatively little is known about the application of RBC in skills training. This report reviews the literature, identifies project examples and derives lessons for the design and implementation of both DDT and RBC. A summary of the existing literature on international experiences with both DDT and RBC, including good practices, is presented here. This review aims to identify the most effective ways to deliver these programs and provide general lessons on their design and implementation. The audience for this review includes World Bank teams and other development and policy practitioners interested in results-based contracting in the context of demand driven training.

Labor Markets --- Skills Development and Labor Force Training --- Social Protections and Labor --- Vocational and Technical Education

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The objective of this technical report and the accompanying skills profiles report is twofold. First, the technical report explains the methodology used to transform job postings text into OV data and in turn, illustrates how to use those data to produce labor market intelligence valuable to different users. Second, the report presents answers to questions often asked by end-users and policymakers. This work is part of a series produced by the World Bank to support the Government of Indonesia in strengthening its labor market information system (LMIS). The OVO presents the results of one of four data pilots that, if adopted by the government, will provide the information needed to fill in important data gaps and to provide key labor market intelligence services to different users. Moreover, while this work focuses on the Indonesian context, it may also inform decisions in other developing countries that are considering the utilization of these data and having concerns about their validity when there is limited access to the internet and widespread informality.

Labor Market --- Occupations --- Skills Development and Labor Force Training --- Social Protections and Labor