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This book makes the case for a systems approach to small-scale community development projects. It looks more specifically at the application of one branch of systems science, called system dynamics, to develop conceptual models of small-scale communities and address specific issues they might be facing at different scales. A systems approach recognizes that, by definition, communities are complex adaptive systems consisting of multiple subsystems and parts (e.g., individuals, institutions, and infrastructure) that are interconnected, are driven by some purpose, follow certain rules, and interact with each other and with their surrounding environment. In order to address community issues and problems, complexity and uncertainty must be embraced and dealt with. This book emphasizes and shows how to include a system- and complexity-aware approach in the different phases of small-scale community project management. Adopting this approach comes with unique challenges such as dealing with ill-defined problems, considering uncertainty, recognizing that no unique and best solutions to complex problems exist, and accepting satisficing (i.e., good enough) solutions. This book emphasizes the need for community development practitioners to integrate in all stages of their projects: participation, systems thinking, continuous reflection-in-action, and a combination of critical and creative tools. At the same time, practitioners must ensure that they deliver solutions that are sound from a technical point of view (i.e., done right), adaptable to the cultural, economic, and social context in which they work (i.e., rightly done), and developed for the right reasons.
Community development --- Computer simulation. --- complexity --- system dynamics --- systems approach --- systems thinking --- adaptive --- community --- participation --- development projects --- reflective practice --- behavior patterns --- structure --- context --- satisficing
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Most theories of elections assume that voters and political actors are fully rational. While these formulations produce many insights, they also generate anomalies--most famously, about turnout. The rise of behavioral economics has posed new challenges to the premise of rationality. This groundbreaking book provides a behavioral theory of elections based on the notion that all actors--politicians as well as voters--are only boundedly rational. The theory posits learning via trial and error: actions that surpass an actor's aspiration level are more likely to be used in the future, while those that fall short are less likely to be tried later. Based on this idea of adaptation, the authors construct formal models of party competition, turnout, and voters' choices of candidates. These models predict substantial turnout levels, voters sorting into parties, and winning parties adopting centrist platforms. In multiparty elections, voters are able to coordinate vote choices on majority-preferred candidates, while all candidates garner significant vote shares. Overall, the behavioral theory and its models produce macroimplications consistent with the data on elections, and they use plausible microassumptions about the cognitive capacities of politicians and voters. A computational model accompanies the book and can be used as a tool for further research.
Elections. --- Voting --- Behaviorism (Political science) --- Behavioralism (Political science) --- Behaviouralism (Political science) --- Behaviourism (Political science) --- Political psychology --- Polls --- Elections --- Politics, Practical --- Social choice --- Suffrage --- Electoral politics --- Franchise --- Political science --- Plebiscite --- Political campaigns --- Representative government and representation --- Psychological aspects. --- Political systems --- Social psychology --- Condorcet winner. --- Downsian party competition. --- Duverger's Law. --- Markov chain. --- Pareto dominance. --- adaptation. --- aspiration-based adaptation. --- aspiration-based adaptive rule. --- aspiration-based adjustment. --- aspirations. --- bandwagon effect. --- behavior. --- behavioral theory. --- bounded rationality. --- candidates. --- computational model. --- decision making. --- election voting. --- elections. --- equilibrium behavior. --- faction size. --- framing. --- game-theoretic model. --- hedonics. --- heuristics. --- incumbent. --- majority faction. --- multiparty elections. --- parties. --- party affiliation. --- party competition. --- payoffs. --- platforms. --- political parties. --- politicians. --- population size. --- propensity. --- rational choice theory. --- rational choice. --- rationality. --- retrospective voting. --- satisficing. --- search behavior. --- stochastic process. --- turnout. --- two-party elections. --- voter choice. --- voter coordination. --- voter participation. --- voter turnout. --- voters. --- Balloting
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Philosophical wisdom and practical advice for overcoming the problems of middle ageHow can you reconcile yourself with the lives you will never lead, with possibilities foreclosed, and with nostalgia for lost youth? How can you accept the failings of the past, the sense of futility in the tasks that consume the present, and the prospect of death that blights the future? In this self-help book with a difference, Kieran Setiya confronts the inevitable challenges of adulthood and middle age, showing how philosophy can help you thrive.You will learn why missing out might be a good thing, how options are overrated, and when you should be glad you made a mistake. You will be introduced to philosophical consolations for mortality. And you will learn what it would mean to live in the present, how it could solve your midlife crisis, and why meditation helps.Ranging from Aristotle, Schopenhauer, and John Stuart Mill to Virginia Woolf and Simone de Beauvoir, as well as drawing on Setiya's own experience, Midlife combines imaginative ideas, surprising insights, and practical advice. Writing with wisdom and wit, Setiya makes a wry but passionate case for philosophy as a guide to life.
Middle age --- Midlife crisis. --- Psychological aspects. --- A Book Of. --- Accountant. --- Adoption. --- Affair. --- Altruism. --- Anatta. --- Aphorism. --- Aristotle. --- Arthur Schopenhauer. --- Awareness. --- Bernard Williams. --- Boredom. --- Buddhism. --- Cambridge University Press. --- Career. --- Cognitive therapy. --- Consciousness. --- Death anxiety (psychology). --- Derek Parfit. --- Elliott Jaques. --- Emptiness. --- Epicurus. --- Equanimity. --- Ethics. --- Existence. --- Existential crisis. --- Explanation. --- Felicific calculus. --- Four Noble Truths. --- Generosity. --- Grief. --- Hedonism. --- I Wish (manhwa). --- Immanuel Kant. --- Injunction. --- Irony. --- James Mill. --- Jean-Paul Sartre. --- Jeremy Bentham. --- John Stuart Mill. --- Lecture. --- Literature. --- Lucretius. --- Meaningful life. --- Middle age. --- Midlife crisis. --- Narrative. --- Neglect. --- Nicomachean Ethics. --- Oppression. --- Optimism. --- Parenting. --- Parerga and Paralipomena. --- Personal History. --- Phenomenon. --- Philip Larkin. --- Philosopher. --- Philosophy. --- Physician. --- Pleasure. --- Poetry. --- Polemic. --- Precedent. --- Princeton University Press. --- Prose. --- Protest. --- Psychologist. --- Psychology. --- Quantity. --- Rationality. --- Reason. --- Retrograde amnesia. --- Risk aversion. --- Sadness. --- Satisficing. --- Self-consciousness. --- Self-help book. --- Self-interest. --- Shame. --- Simone de Beauvoir. --- Skepticism. --- Suffering. --- Suggestion. --- Symptom. --- The Myth of Sisyphus. --- The Other Hand. --- The Power of Now. --- Theory. --- Thought experiment. --- Thought. --- Toothache. --- Uncertainty. --- Understanding. --- Utilitarianism. --- Virginia Woolf. --- Wealth. --- Well-being. --- Wishful thinking. --- Writing. --- Year.
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