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This paper responds to Directors' request at the time of the February discussions of the Review of the Flexible Credit Line (FCL), the Precautionary and Liquidity Line (PLL) and the Rapid Financing Instrument (RFI) for further analysis focusing on three key issues:- The alignment of the FCL and PLL qualification criteria. The paper proposes a qualification framework for PLL arrangements based on the nine FCL criteria aiming to improve the transparency and predictability of PLL decisions, while maintaining the current qualification standards. The paper also proposes a refinement of the bank solvency criterion.- The operationalization of an external stress index. The paper proposes a methodology to calculate a new index to strengthen discussions of a country's external risks. Such an index would be presented to the Board at the time of requests for, or reviews under, FCL and PLL arrangements.- The use of indicators of institutional strength. The paper argues that a limited set of new institutional indicators could be used to help broaden the indicators of institutional strength already identified in the FCL and PLL Operational Guidance Notes.

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The evolution of the Italian health system, which went from the establishment of the National Health Service in 1978 to the corporate management introduced with the reforms of the 1990s, requires a thorough knowledge of the effects of organizational change on the medical profession. Starting from this consideration, this volume focuses on the results of the corporatising process in terms of professional identity. The research, conducted among medical specialists operating in the territorial structures of two Tuscan Health Authorities, shows a transitioning figure, which hints at a new form of medical professionalism.

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This paper responds to Directors' request at the time of the February discussions of the Review of the Flexible Credit Line (FCL), the Precautionary and Liquidity Line (PLL) and the Rapid Financing Instrument (RFI) for further analysis focusing on three key issues:- The alignment of the FCL and PLL qualification criteria. The paper proposes a qualification framework for PLL arrangements based on the nine FCL criteria aiming to improve the transparency and predictability of PLL decisions, while maintaining the current qualification standards. The paper also proposes a refinement of the bank solvency criterion.- The operationalization of an external stress index. The paper proposes a methodology to calculate a new index to strengthen discussions of a country's external risks. Such an index would be presented to the Board at the time of requests for, or reviews under, FCL and PLL arrangements.- The use of indicators of institutional strength. The paper argues that a limited set of new institutional indicators could be used to help broaden the indicators of institutional strength already identified in the FCL and PLL Operational Guidance Notes.

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This first edition of Working Americans 1880-2022: Health Care Workers is the 18th volume in the popular Working Americans series. It profiles 31 Americans from very different walks of life who made distinct contributions to the nation's quest for health.

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