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Book
The Little Book of Black Holes
Authors: ---
ISBN: 1400888298 Year: 2017 Publisher: Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press,

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Abstract

Dive into a mind-bending exploration of the physics of black holesBlack holes, predicted by Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity more than a century ago, have long intrigued scientists and the public with their bizarre and fantastical properties. Although Einstein understood that black holes were mathematical solutions to his equations, he never accepted their physical reality-a viewpoint many shared. This all changed in the 1960s and 1970s, when a deeper conceptual understanding of black holes developed just as new observations revealed the existence of quasars and X-ray binary star systems, whose mysterious properties could be explained by the presence of black holes. Black holes have since been the subject of intense research-and the physics governing how they behave and affect their surroundings is stranger and more mind-bending than any fiction.After introducing the basics of the special and general theories of relativity, this book describes black holes both as astrophysical objects and theoretical "laboratories" in which physicists can test their understanding of gravitational, quantum, and thermal physics. From Schwarzschild black holes to rotating and colliding black holes, and from gravitational radiation to Hawking radiation and information loss, Steven Gubser and Frans Pretorius use creative thought experiments and analogies to explain their subject accessibly. They also describe the decades-long quest to observe the universe in gravitational waves, which recently resulted in the LIGO observatories' detection of the distinctive gravitational wave "chirp" of two colliding black holes-the first direct observation of black holes' existence.The Little Book of Black Holes takes readers deep into the mysterious heart of the subject, offering rare clarity of insight into the physics that makes black holes simple yet destructive manifestations of geometric destiny.

Keywords

Black holes (Astronomy) --- Frozen stars --- Compact objects (Astronomy) --- Gravitational collapse --- Stars --- A-frame. --- Acceleration. --- Accretion disk. --- Alice and Bob. --- Angular momentum. --- Astronomer. --- Atomic nucleus. --- Binary black hole. --- Binary star. --- Black hole information paradox. --- Black hole thermodynamics. --- Black hole. --- Calculation. --- Circular orbit. --- Classical mechanics. --- Closed timelike curve. --- Cosmological constant. --- Curvature. --- Cygnus X-1. --- Degenerate matter. --- Differential equation. --- Differential geometry. --- Doppler effect. --- Earth. --- Einstein field equations. --- Electric charge. --- Electric field. --- Electromagnetism. --- Ergosphere. --- Escape velocity. --- Event horizon. --- Excitation (magnetic). --- Frame-dragging. --- Galactic Center. --- General relativity. --- Gravitational acceleration. --- Gravitational collapse. --- Gravitational constant. --- Gravitational energy. --- Gravitational field. --- Gravitational redshift. --- Gravitational wave. --- Gravitational-wave observatory. --- Gravity. --- Hawking radiation. --- Inner core. --- Kerr metric. --- Kinetic energy. --- LIGO. --- Length contraction. --- Lorentz transformation. --- Magnetic field. --- Mass–energy equivalence. --- Maxwell's equations. --- Metric expansion of space. --- Metric tensor. --- Milky Way. --- Minkowski space. --- Negative energy. --- Neutrino. --- Neutron star. --- Neutron. --- Newton's law of universal gravitation. --- No-hair theorem. --- Nuclear fusion. --- Nuclear reaction. --- Orbit. --- Orbital mechanics. --- Orbital period. --- Penrose process. --- Photon. --- Physicist. --- Primordial black hole. --- Projectile. --- Quantum entanglement. --- Quantum gravity. --- Quantum mechanics. --- Quantum state. --- Quasar. --- Ray (optics). --- Rotational energy. --- Roy Kerr. --- Schwarzschild metric. --- Schwarzschild radius. --- Solar mass. --- Special relativity. --- Star. --- Stellar mass. --- Stephen Hawking. --- Stress–energy tensor. --- String theory. --- Supermassive black hole. --- Temperature. --- Theory of relativity. --- Thought experiment. --- Tidal force. --- Time dilation. --- Wavelength. --- White hole. --- Wormhole.


Book
Fixing social security : the politics of reform in a polarized age
Author:
ISBN: 0691224447 Year: 2022 Publisher: Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press,

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How Social Security has shaped American politics—and why it faces insolvencySince its establishment, Social Security has become the financial linchpin of American retirement. Yet demographic trends—longer lifespans and declining birthrates—mean that this popular program now pays more in benefits than it collects in revenue. Without reforms, 83 million Americans will face an immediate benefit cut of 20 percent in 2034. How did we get here and what is the solution? In Fixing Social Security, R. Douglas Arnold explores the historical role that Social Security has played in American politics, why Congress has done nothing to fix its insolvency problem for three decades, and what legislators can do to save it.What options do legislators have as the program nears the precipice? They can raise taxes, as they did in 1977, cut benefits, as they did in 1983, or reinvent the program, as they attempted in 2005. Unfortunately, every option would impose costs, and legislators are reluctant to act, fearing electoral retribution. Arnold investigates why politicians designed the system as they did and how between 1935 and 1983 they allocated—and reallocated—costs and benefits among workers, employers, and beneficiaries. He also examines public support for the program, and why Democratic and Republican representatives, once political allies in expanding Social Security, have become so deeply polarized about fixing it.As Social Security edges closer to crisis, Fixing Social Security offers a comprehensive analysis of the political fault lines and a fresh look at what can be done—before it is too late.

Keywords

Social security. --- Social security --- United States. --- Actuary. --- Affirmative action. --- Amendment. --- Amplitude. --- Awareness. --- Baby boomers. --- Beneficiary (trust). --- Beneficiary. --- Bipartisan Policy Center. --- Cartesian coordinate system. --- Clean Air Act (United States). --- Committee. --- Compton wavelength. --- Consideration. --- Constant term. --- Determinant. --- Donor. --- Economic equilibrium. --- Edward Gramlich. --- Einstein–Hilbert action. --- Electromagnetic field. --- Employment. --- Environmental movement. --- Equations of motion. --- Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax. --- Financial market. --- G.I. Bill. --- Gauge theory. --- General relativity. --- Gradualism. --- Hilbert space. --- Homeland security. --- Income. --- Infant. --- Insolvency. --- Institution. --- Interview. --- Karl Rove. --- Legislation. --- Legislator. --- Life expectancy. --- Longevity. --- Magnetostatics. --- Mass–energy equivalence. --- Medicare Part B. --- Metric tensor (general relativity). --- Momentum operator. --- New Course. --- News conference. --- Optical fiber. --- Otto Kerner Jr. --- Path length. --- Pension. --- Percentage. --- Physicist. --- Point particle. --- Policy. --- Politician. --- Private sector. --- Privatization. --- Provision (accounting). --- Quantity. --- Real number. --- Reproductive rights. --- Retirement age. --- Retirement. --- Running mate. --- Scalar field. --- Severity (video game). --- Sexism. --- Social Security Administration. --- Social Security Benefits. --- Solvency. --- Special relativity. --- Spinor field. --- Supermajority. --- Tax rate. --- Tax. --- Taxable Wage Base. --- Taxpayer. --- Thomas precession. --- Time derivative. --- Tom Daschle. --- Total revenue. --- Transverse mode. --- Voting methods in deliberative assemblies. --- Wage. --- Welfare.

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