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This paper analyzes the effects of land market restrictions on structural change from agriculture to non-farm in a rural economy. This paper develops a theoretical model that focuses on higher migration costs due to restrictions on alienability, and identifies the possibility of a reverse structural change where the share of nonagricultural employment declines. The reverse structural change can occur under plausible conditions: if demand for the non-agricultural good is income-inelastic (assuming the non-farm good is non-tradable), or non-agriculture is less labor intensive relative to agriculture (assuming the non-farm good is tradable). For identification, this paper exploits a natural experiment in Sri Lanka where historical malaria played a unique role in land policy. The empirical evidence indicates significant adverse effects of land restrictions on manufacturing and services employment, rural wages, and per capita household consumption. The evidence on the disaggregated occupational choices suggests that land restrictions increase wage employment in agriculture, but reduce it in manufacturing and services, with no perceptible effects on self-employment in non-agriculture. The results are consistent with the migration costs model, but contradict two widely discussed alternative mechanisms: collateral effect and property rights insecurity. This paper also provides direct evidence in favor of the migration costs mechanism.
Common Property Resource Development --- Economic Theory & Research --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Historical Malaria --- Labor Market --- Labor Policies --- Land Market Restrictions --- Migration Costs --- Non-Agricultural Employment --- Poverty --- Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems --- Structural Change
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This paper analyzes the effects of land market restrictions on the rural labor market outcomes for women. The existing literature emphasizes two mechanisms through which land restrictions can affect the economic outcomes: the collateral value of land, and (in) security of property rights. Analysis of this paper focuses on an alternative mechanism where land restrictions increase costs of migration out of villages. The testable prediction of collateral effect is that both wages and labor force participation move in the same direction, and insecurity of property rights reduces labor force participation and increases wages. In contrast, if land restrictions work primarily through higher migration costs, labor force participation increases, while wages decline. For identification, this paper exploits a natural experiment in Sri Lanka where historical malaria played a unique role in land policy. This paper provides robust evidence of a positive effect of land restrictions on women's labor force participation, but a negative effect on female wages. The empirical results thus contradict a collateral or insecure property rights effect, but support migration costs as the primary mechanism.
Collateral Effect --- Economic Growth --- Historical Malaria --- Labor Market --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Land Market Restrictions --- Migration Costs --- Population Policies --- Property Rights --- Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems --- Wage --- Women's Labor Force Participation
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The paper studies the market failures associated with land tenure insecurity and information asymmetry in an urban land use model, and analyzes households' responses to mitigate tenure insecurity. When buyers and sellers of land plots can pair along trusted kinship lines whereby deception (the non-disclosure of competing claims on a land plot to a buyer) is socially penalized, information asymmetry is attenuated, but overall participation in the land market is reduced. Alternatively, when owners can make land plots secure by paying to register them in a cadaster, both information asymmetry and tenure insecurity are reduced, but the registration cost limits land market participation at the periphery of the city. The paper then compares the overall surpluses under these trust and registration models and under a hybrid version of the model that reflects the context of today's West African cities where both registration and trusted relationships are simultaneously available to residents. The analysis highlights the substitutability of trusted relationships to costly registration and predicts the gradual evolution of economies towards the socially preferable registration system if registration costs can be sufficiently reduced.
Communities and Human Settlements --- Ethnic Kinship --- Informal Land Use --- Information Assymetry --- Land Administration --- Land Information Systems --- Land Market --- Land Registration --- Land Tenure Insecurity --- Land Use --- Land Use and Policies --- Property Rights
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This paper analyzes the effects of land market restrictions on the rural labor market outcomes for women. The existing literature emphasizes two mechanisms through which land restrictions can affect the economic outcomes: the collateral value of land, and (in) security of property rights. Analysis of this paper focuses on an alternative mechanism where land restrictions increase costs of migration out of villages. The testable prediction of collateral effect is that both wages and labor force participation move in the same direction, and insecurity of property rights reduces labor force participation and increases wages. In contrast, if land restrictions work primarily through higher migration costs, labor force participation increases, while wages decline. For identification, this paper exploits a natural experiment in Sri Lanka where historical malaria played a unique role in land policy. This paper provides robust evidence of a positive effect of land restrictions on women's labor force participation, but a negative effect on female wages. The empirical results thus contradict a collateral or insecure property rights effect, but support migration costs as the primary mechanism.
Collateral Effect --- Economic Growth --- Historical Malaria --- Labor Market --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Land Market Restrictions --- Migration Costs --- Population Policies --- Property Rights --- Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems --- Wage --- Women's Labor Force Participation
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This paper analyzes the effects of land market restrictions on structural change from agriculture to non-farm in a rural economy. This paper develops a theoretical model that focuses on higher migration costs due to restrictions on alienability, and identifies the possibility of a reverse structural change where the share of nonagricultural employment declines. The reverse structural change can occur under plausible conditions: if demand for the non-agricultural good is income-inelastic (assuming the non-farm good is non-tradable), or non-agriculture is less labor intensive relative to agriculture (assuming the non-farm good is tradable). For identification, this paper exploits a natural experiment in Sri Lanka where historical malaria played a unique role in land policy. The empirical evidence indicates significant adverse effects of land restrictions on manufacturing and services employment, rural wages, and per capita household consumption. The evidence on the disaggregated occupational choices suggests that land restrictions increase wage employment in agriculture, but reduce it in manufacturing and services, with no perceptible effects on self-employment in non-agriculture. The results are consistent with the migration costs model, but contradict two widely discussed alternative mechanisms: collateral effect and property rights insecurity. This paper also provides direct evidence in favor of the migration costs mechanism.
Common Property Resource Development --- Economic Theory & Research --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Historical Malaria --- Labor Market --- Labor Policies --- Land Market Restrictions --- Migration Costs --- Non-Agricultural Employment --- Poverty --- Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems --- Structural Change
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This paper presents a new type of land market analysis relevant to cities with plural tenure systems as in West Africa. The methodology hinges on a systemic analysis of land delivery channels, which helps to show how land is initially made available for circulation, how tenure can be formalized incrementally, and the different means whereby households can access land. The analysis is applied to the area of Bamako in Mali, where information was collected through (i) interviews with key informants, (ii) a literature review on land policies, public allocations, and customary transfers of land, (iii) a press review on land disputes, and (iv) a survey of more than 1,600 land transfers of un-built plots that occurred between 2009 and 2012. The analysis finds that land is mostly accessed through an informal customary channel, whereby peri-urban land is transformed from agricultural to residential use, and through a public channel, which involves the administrative allocation of residential plots to households. The integrated analysis of land markets and land institutions stresses the complexity of procedures and the extra-legality of practices that strongly affect the functioning of formal and informal markets and make access to land costly and insecure, with negative social, economic, and environmental impacts over the long term.
Access to Land --- Energy --- Environment --- Land Administration --- Land Governance --- Land Market --- Municipal Housing and Land --- National Urban Development Policies & Strategies --- Public Sector Management and Reform --- Security of Tenure --- Urban Housing --- Urban Housing and Land Settlements
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En Belgique, il existe plusieurs composantes influençant l’abordabilité aux logements : celles du marché (les prix des logements), celles du ménage (les revenus) et celles des conditions économiques du pays (la capacité d’emprunt). Malgré les conditions socio-économiques s’améliorant, de plus en plus de ménages en quête de l’acquisition d’un bien sont contraints de gagner des territoires toujours plus éloignés des centres urbains, plus abordables financièrement, augmentant ainsi l’étalement urbain. Ces nouveaux lieux de résidences induisent des comportements migratoires quotidiens qui permettent de délimiter des bassins de vie en Belgique, les bassins d’emploi. Ce mémoire a pour but d’étudier l’évolution de l’abordabilité aux logements à travers les prix des terrains à bâtir, des maisons ordinaires, des villas, des appartements et des constructions neuves entre les années 1977 et 2014. Cette étude est réalisée au sein de trois échelles d’analyse : la Belgique, les régions administratives et les bassins d’emploi belges. L’abordabilité permet de définir si la proportion de ménages ayant accès à un bien a augmenté ou a diminué durant la période d’étude. La méthodologie analyse les prix de ces biens et les composantes économiques de l’abordabilité de manière évolutive. Il peut être constaté que l’abordabilité aux logements a évolué durant la période d’étude et que l’effort financier fourni en 2014 pour l’achat d’un de ces biens, mis à part certaines exceptions à certaines échelles, est inférieur à l’effort fourni pour l’achat de ce même bien en 1977. En 2014, la proportion de ménages ayant accès à l’achat d’un logement est supérieure à celle de 1977. In Belgium, there are several components influencing housing affordability: the market (housing prices), the household (incomes) and the Belgians economic conditions (mortgage capacity). Despite the improving socio-economic conditions, more and more households in search of the acquisition of a property are forced to reach territories that are always further from city centers, more affordable, thus increasing urban sprawl. Those new residential areas induce daily migratory behaviours. Those form new basins of life in Belgium known as employment areas. The purpose of this thesis is to study the evolution of housing affordability through the prices of building plots, ordinary houses, villas, apartments and new constructions between 1977 and 2014. This study is carried out within three scales of analysis: Belgium, administrative regions and employment areas. Affordability determines whether the proportion of households that get access to a property has increased or decreased during the study period. The methodology analyses the prices of those goods and the economic components of affordability in an evolutionary way. The study shows that housing affordability has evolved during the and that the financial effort provided in 2014 for the purchase of those is mostly less than what it was back in 1977. By 2014, the proportion of households with access to the purchase of a dwelling is higher than in 1977.
Housing market --- Land market --- Affordability --- Employment areas --- Marché immobilier résidentiel --- Marché foncier --- Abordabilité --- Bassins d'emploi --- Sciences sociales & comportementales, psychologie > Etudes régionales & interrégionales --- Sciences sociales & comportementales, psychologie > Géographie humaine & démographie
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Since 2010, Lesotho has implemented legal and institutional changes to allow female land ownership, established a new land agency, reduced the cost of registering land, and carried out systematic urban land titling. Analysis using administrative data shows that these reforms triggered discontinuous and sustained changes in quality of service delivery, female land ownership, and registered land sales and mortgage volume. Land and credit market activation is, however, exclusively due to policy reforms. While (subsidized) systematic land registration allows women to access documented land rights, these effects may not be sustained without further regulatory change, highlighting the importance of reducing fees and streamlining processes to improve urban land and financial market functioning as a key precondition for Africa's expected wave of urbanization translating into productive cities and jobs.
Access To Finance --- Credit Market --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Gender --- Gender and Development --- Gender and Economics --- Housing Finance --- Land Market --- Land Reform --- Municipal Housing and Land --- Poverty --- Urban Development --- Urban Economic Development --- Urban Land Management --- Urban Land Policy --- Urban Poverty
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Smallholder farmers' investment decisions and the efficiency of resource allocation depend on the security of land tenure. This paper develops a simple model that captures essential institutional features of rural land markets in Ghana, including the dependence of future rights over land on current cultivation and land rental decisions. The model predictions guide the evaluation of a pilot land titling intervention that took place in an urbanizing area located in the Central Region of Ghana. The evaluation is based on a regression discontinuity design combined with three rounds of household survey data collected over a period of six years. The analysis finds strong markers for the program's success in registering land in the targeted program area. However, land registration does not translate into agricultural investments or increased credit taking. Instead, treated households decrease their amount of agricultural labor, accompanied by only a small reduction of agricultural production and no changes in productivity. In line with this result, households decrease their landholdings amid a surge in land valuations. The analysis uncovers important within-household differences in how women and men respond differentially to the program. There appears to be a general shift to nonfarm economic activities, and women's business profits increased considerably.
Agricultural Investment --- Agricultural Sector Economics --- Agriculture --- Common Property Resource Development --- Communities and Human Settlements --- Gender --- Gender and Rural Development --- Gender Innovation Lab --- Gender Policy --- Land Administration --- Land Rental --- Land Tenure --- Land Titling --- Land Use and Policies --- Non-Farmeconomic Activity --- Resource Allocation --- Rural Labor Markets --- Rural Land Market --- Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction --- Smallholders --- Women
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