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Host countries (Business) --- International business enterprises --- Investments, Foreign

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According to World Bank policy, countries remain eligible to borrow from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development until they are able to sustain long-term development without further recourse to Bank financing. Graduation from the Bank is not an automatic consequence of reaching a particular income level, but rather is supposed to be based on a determination of whether the country has reached a level of institutional development and capital-market access that enables it to sustain its own development process without recourse to Bank funding. This paper assesses how International Bank for Reconstruction and Development graduation policy operates in practice, investigating what income and non-income factors appear to have influenced graduation decisions in recent decades, based on panel data for 1982 through 2008. Explanatory variables include the per-capita income of the country, as well as measures of institutional development and market access that are cited as criteria by the graduation policy, and other plausible explanatory variables that capture the levels of economic development and vulnerability of the country. The authors find that the observed correlates of Bank graduation are generally consistent with the stated policy. Countries that are wealthier, more creditworthy, more institutionally developed, and less vulnerable to shocks are more likely to have graduated. Predicted probabilities generated by the model correspond closely to the actual graduation and de-graduation experiences of most countries (such as Korea and Trinidad and Tobago), and suggest that Hungary and Latvia may have graduated prematurely-a prediction consistent with their subsequent return to borrowing from the Bank in the wake of the global financial crisis.

World Bank --- Banks & Banking Reform --- Debt Markets --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Financial services --- Host countries --- Income --- Labor Policies --- Maturity --- World Development Indicators

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According to World Bank policy, countries remain eligible to borrow from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development until they are able to sustain long-term development without further recourse to Bank financing. Graduation from the Bank is not an automatic consequence of reaching a particular income level, but rather is supposed to be based on a determination of whether the country has reached a level of institutional development and capital-market access that enables it to sustain its own development process without recourse to Bank funding. This paper assesses how International Bank for Reconstruction and Development graduation policy operates in practice, investigating what income and non-income factors appear to have influenced graduation decisions in recent decades, based on panel data for 1982 through 2008. Explanatory variables include the per-capita income of the country, as well as measures of institutional development and market access that are cited as criteria by the graduation policy, and other plausible explanatory variables that capture the levels of economic development and vulnerability of the country. The authors find that the observed correlates of Bank graduation are generally consistent with the stated policy. Countries that are wealthier, more creditworthy, more institutionally developed, and less vulnerable to shocks are more likely to have graduated. Predicted probabilities generated by the model correspond closely to the actual graduation and de-graduation experiences of most countries (such as Korea and Trinidad and Tobago), and suggest that Hungary and Latvia may have graduated prematurely-a prediction consistent with their subsequent return to borrowing from the Bank in the wake of the global financial crisis.

World Bank --- Banks & Banking Reform --- Debt Markets --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Financial services --- Host countries --- Income --- Labor Policies --- Maturity --- World Development Indicators

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A. W. Clausen, President of the World Bank Group, discusses the major economic challenges confronting the interdependent world, the role transnationals can play in helping to overcome them, and the effects of the rampant and stubborn inflation that has characterized the past dozen years.

Business in Development --- Competition --- Corporations --- Developing Countries --- Economic Development --- Global Economy --- Host Countries --- Inflation --- Loans --- Low-Income Countries --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Middle-Income Countries --- Natural Resources --- Private Sector Development --- Risk --- Trade --- Trade Liberalization

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Since 1990 migration flows from Albania have been massive, relative to the size of the country and its population, but they have also fluctuated over time. This paper presents and discusses various descriptive trends, mainly in graphical form. The data come from the Albanian Living Standards Measurement Survey, 2005 round, and cover the period 1990-2004. The resulting observed trends reflect changing push and pull factors in Albania and the two main host countries, Greece and Italy. The paper also presents a hazard approach to modeling Albanian emigration and return migration. This analysis highlights, among other things, the relevance of networks in Albanian migration dynamics, both to promote emigration and to delay return.

Anthropology --- Communities and Human Settlements --- Culture and Development --- External migration --- Family members --- Foreign direct investment --- Host countries --- Human Migrations and Resettlements --- Impact of migration --- Living standards --- Market economy --- Migration --- Migration flows --- Migration policies --- Policy dialogue --- Policy research --- Policy research working paper --- Population --- Population Policies --- Progress --- Pull factors --- Remittance --- Remittances --- Return migration --- Social Development --- Television --- Unemployment --- Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement