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This paper aims to investigate empirically how international migration and remittances in Indonesia, particularly female migration, affect child outcomes and labor supply behavior in sending households. The authors analyze the Indonesia Family Life Survey data set and apply an instrumental variable estimation method, using historical migration networks as instruments for migration and remittance receipts. The study finds that, in Indonesia, the impacts of international migration on sending households are likely to vary depending on the gender of the migrants. On average, migration reduces the working hours of remaining household members, but this effect is not observed in households with female migrants. At the same time, female migration and their remittances tend to reduce child labor. The estimated impacts of migration and remittances on school enrollment are not statistically significant, but this result is interesting in that the directions of the effects can be opposite when the migrant is male or female

Anthropology --- Domestic Market --- Gender --- Gender and Development --- Host Country --- Housing & Human Habitats --- International Migration --- Labor Market --- Output --- Population Policies --- Structural Adjustment

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This paper contains a critical discussion of the opening of the highway concession to the private sector in Italy over the past 20 years. It describes the political context, legal mechanisms and regulatory settings; offers an analysis of the changes in the equity composition of concessionaires after the introduction of public-private partnerships, quality standards, and tariff dynamics; and provides some examples. The Italian experience reflects the typical problems of the "build-now-regulate-later" approach recognized in the highway public-private partnership literature. The Italian model is also characterized by the existence of an overly complex regulatory framework, as well as the lack of a single agent in charge of contract enforcement and independent data collection.

Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress --- Debt Markets --- Host Country --- Infrastructure Economics --- Output --- Political Economy --- Private Entities --- Private Sector Development --- Roads & Highways --- Rule of Law --- Transport Economics Policy & Planning

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The choice between temporary and permanent migration is today central to the design of migration policies. The authors draw a distinction between the two types of migration on the basis of the associated social cost and the dynamics of learning by migrants. They find that unilateral migration policies are globally inefficient because they lead to too much permanent migration and too little temporary and overall migration. Existing international agreements on labor mobility, such as the World Trade Organization's General Agreement on Trade in Services, have failed to do better because they seek primarily to induce host countries to make commitments to allow entry. Instead, Pareto gains and more liberal migration could be achieved through multilateral agreements that enable host countries to commit to repatriation.

Anthropology --- Brain Drain --- Brain-Drain --- Communities & Human Settlements --- Culture & Development --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Home Countries --- Host Countries --- Host Country --- Human Migrations and Resettlements --- Immigrants --- International Agreements --- Migrants --- Migration Policies --- Multilateral Agreements --- Policy --- Policy Research --- Policy Research Working Paper --- Population Policies --- Progress --- Remittances --- Repatriation --- Skill Level --- Skilled Workers --- Social Development --- Temporary Migration --- Training --- Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement

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The authors investigate the occupational placement of immigrants in the U.S. labor market using census data. They find striking differences among highly educated immigrants from different countries, even after they control for individuals' age, experience, and level of education. With some exceptions, educated immigrants from Latin American and Eastern European countries are more likely to end up in unskilled jobs than immigrants from Asia and industrial countries. A large part of the variation can be explained by attributes of the country of origin that influence the quality of human capital, such as expenditure on tertiary education and the use of English as a medium of instruction. Performance is adversely affected by military conflict at home which may weaken institutions that create human capital and lower the threshold quality of immigrants. The selection effects of U.S. immigration policy also play an important role in explaining cross-country variation. The observed under-placement of educated migrants might be alleviated if home and host countries cooperate by sharing information on labor market conditions and work toward the recognition of qualifications.

Access and Equity in Basic Education --- Brain Drain --- Country Of Origin --- Education --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Literacy --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Home Countries --- Host Country --- Human Capital --- Immigrant --- Immigrants --- Immigration --- Immigration Law --- Immigration Policies --- International Migration --- Labor Market --- Labor Markets --- Migration --- Policy --- Policy Research --- Policy Research Working Paper --- Population Policies --- Potential Migrants --- Progress --- Social Development --- Social Protections and Labor --- Tertiary Education --- Training

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In spite of the growing concerns about foreign direct investment being diverted from Latin America to China and India, the best available data show that Latin America has performed relatively well since 1997. Foreign capital stocks from OECD countries and the United States in particular in China and India are still far from those in the largest Latin American economies. The evidence shows that foreign capital stocks in China increased more than in Latin America during 1990-1997, but not as much since 1997. In fact, Latin America has actually performed better than China since 1997 given its lack of relative growth. The growth of foreign capital stocks in India was more stable than in China. Nonetheless, after controlling for shocks emanating from the source countries and bilateral distance between source and host countries, this paper finds a significant change in foreign capital stocks relative to China between 1990 and 1997, but no change relative to India.

Capital formation --- Capital stocks --- Common Carriers Industry --- Corporate Law --- Debt Markets --- Developing countries --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial support --- Fixed capital --- Foreign capital --- Foreign Direct Investment --- Host countries --- Host country --- Industry --- International Bank --- Law and Development --- Non Bank Financial Institutions --- Transport --- Transport and Trade Logistics