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Gender is a highly salient and important social group that shapes how children interact with others and how they are treated by others. In this Element, we offer an overview and review of the research on gender development in childhood from a developmental science perspective. We first define gender and the related concepts of sex and gender identity. Second, we discuss how variations in cultural context shape gender development around the world and how variations within gender groups add to the complexity of gender identity development. Third, we discuss major theoretical perspectives in developmental science for studying child gender. Fourth, we examine differences and similarities between girls and boys using the latest meta-analytic evidence. Fifth, we discuss the development of gender, gender identity, and gender socialization throughout infancy, early childhood, and middle childhood. We conclude with a discussion of future directions for the study of gender development in childhood.

Sex role in children. --- Gender identity in children. --- Child psychology --- Children and sex --- Tomboys --- Child --- Gender Identity --- Gender --- Gender Identities --- Identity, Gender --- Transgender Persons --- Children --- Minors

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A state's ability to maintain mandatory conscription and wage war rests on the idea that a "real man" is one who has served in the military. Yet masculinity has no inherent ties to militarism. The link between men and the military, argues Maya Eichler, must be produced and reproduced in order to fill the ranks, engage in combat, and mobilize the population behind war. In the context of Russia's post-communist transition and the Chechen wars, men's militarization has been challenged and reinforced. Eichler uncovers the challenges by exploring widespread draft evasion and desertion, anti-draft and anti-war activism led by soldiers' mothers, and the general lack of popular support for the Chechen wars. However, the book also identifies channels through which militarized gender identities have been reproduced. Eichler's empirical and theoretical study of masculinities in international relations applies for the first time the concept of "militarized masculinity," developed by feminist IR scholars, to the case of Russia.

Militarism. --- Masculinity. --- anti-draft --- militarized masculinity --- post-communism --- desertion --- militarization --- Chechen wars --- masculinity --- activism --- international relations --- anti-war --- Russian culture --- men --- gender identities --- draft evasion

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"Men's gender role conflict is a psychological state in which restrictive definitions of masculinity limit men's well-being and human potential. Gender role conflict (GRC) doesn't just harm boys and men, but also girls and women, transgendered people, and society at large. Extensive research relates men's GRC to myriad behavioral problems, including sexism, violence, homophobia, depression, substance abuse, and relationship issues. This book represents a call to action for researchers and practitioners, graduate students, and other mental healthcare professionals to confront men's GRC and reduce its harmful influence on individuals and society. James O'Neil is a pioneer in men's psychology who conceptualized GRC and created the Gender Role Conflict Scale. In this book, he combines numerous studies from renowned scholars in men's psychology with more than 30 years of his own clinical and research experience to promote activism and challenge the status quo. He describes multiple effects of men's GRC, including success, power, and competition issues; restricted emotionality; restricted affectionate behavior between men; and conflicts between men's work and family relations. O'Neil also explains when GRC can develop in a man's gender role journey, how to address it through preventative programs and therapy for boys and men, and what initiatives researchers and clinicians can pursue"--Publicity materials.

Men --- Masculinity --- Sex role --- Psychology --- Gender Identity --- Gender --- Gender Identities --- Identity, Gender --- Transgender Persons --- Masculinity (Psychology) --- Sex (Psychology) --- psychology --- Masculinity. --- Sex role. --- Psychology. --- 253:159.9 --- 316.371 --- 316.371 Gender --- 253:159.9 Pastorale psychologie --- Pastorale psychologie --- Men - Psychology

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Debates on the future of the African continent and the role of gender identities in these visions are increasingly present in literary criticism forums as African writers become bolder in exploring the challenges they face and celebrating gender diversity in the writing of short stories, novels, poetry, plays and films. Controversies over the rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Intersex, Queer (LGBTIQ) communities in Africa, as elsewhere, continue in the context of criminalization and/or intimidation of these groups. Residual colonial moralizing and contemporary western identity norms and politics vie with longstanding polyvalent indigenous sexual expression. In addition to traditional media, the new social media have gained importance, both as sources of information exchange and as sites of virtual construction of gender identities. As with many such contentious issues, the variety of responses to the "state of the question" is strikingly visible across the continent. In this issue of ALT, guest editor John Hawley has sampled the ongoing conversations, in both African writing and in the analysis of contemporary African cinema, to show how queer studies can break with old concepts and theories and point the way to new gender perspectives on literary and cinematic output. This volume also includes a non-themed section of Featured Articles and a Literary Supplement.

African literature --- Gender identity in literature --- Queer theory --- Gender identity --- History and criticism --- Gender identity in literature. --- History and criticism. --- ALT 36. --- ALT 36: Queer Theory in Film & Fiction: African Literature Today. --- Africa. --- African Cinema. --- African Literature. --- African Writing. --- African cinema. --- African interculturalism. --- African writers. --- African writing. --- Colonial Moralizing. --- Ernest N. Emenyonu. --- Gender Identities. --- John C. Hawley. --- LGBTIQ Communities. --- LGBTIQ communities. --- Obi Nwakanma. --- Queer Theory. --- Social Media. --- Western Identity Norms. --- challenges. --- cultural criticism. --- cultural exchange. --- cultural forums. --- gender diversity. --- gender identities. --- gender perspectives. --- influence. --- literary analysis. --- literary supplement. --- postcolonial context. --- queer studies. --- representation. --- social media.

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In the middle of the twentieth century, leading cultural critics and visionaries-Erik Erikson, Lionel Trilling, Herbert Marcuse, and many others-turned to psychoanalysis as a measure of human personal and cultural fulfillment. Now, as we enter a new millennium, Nancy J. Chodorow, well known as a feminist theorist and psychoanalyst, takes her place in this line of eminent thinkers and revitalizes their project. Psychoanalysis, she claims, offers in its clinical goals and its vision of possibility insight into the nature of subjectivity and the quality of good relations with others. It continues centuries of reflection and imagination about the good life.In this pathbreaking book, Chodorow draws upon her broad knowledge and background in social theory, her feminism, and her experience as a psychoanalyst. In extensively elaborated chapters on psychoanalytic theory, she argues that a psychoanalysis that takes as its starting point the immediacy of unconscious fantasy and feeling found in the clinical encounter can illuminate our understanding of individual subjectivity and potentially transform all sociocultural thought. Creating a dialogue between feminism, anthropology, and psychoanalysis, she holds that feminism, anthropology, and other cultural theories require that psychoanalysts take seriously how cultural meanings help to constitute psychic life. At the same time, psychoanalysis demonstrates that contemporary theories of meaning cannot neglect the unconscious realm, which has just as much power as culture does to create meaning for the individual. Chodorow acknowledges postmodern accounts of the decentering and fragmentation of individuality but argues that psychoanalysis gives us an account of subjectivity that incorporates forms of wholeness and depth of experience, without which we cannot have a meaningful life.

Gender Identity. --- Cultural Characteristics --- Psychoanalysis. --- Emotions --- Psychodynamic Analysis --- Analyses, Psychodynamic --- Analysis, Psychodynamic --- Psychodynamic Analyses --- Gender --- Gender Identities --- Identity, Gender --- Transgender Persons --- Ethnic Boundary Maintenance --- Boundary Maintenance, Ethnic --- Boundary Maintenances, Ethnic --- Characteristic, Cultural --- Characteristics, Cultural --- Cultural Characteristic --- Ethnic Boundary Maintenances --- Maintenance, Ethnic Boundary --- Maintenances, Ethnic Boundary --- physiology. --- Cultural Characteristics.