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The current context is strongly characterized by globalization, worldwide economic growth and increasing product consumption. This has led to increases in logistic flows around the world. As a result, greenhouse gas emissions from production, transportation and product storage have been reinforced. On the basis of this observation, some public authorities have implemented environmental policies, as well as economic instruments, aimed at restricting the emissions of greenhouse gases released by companies.
The project of this thesis focuses on the reverse logistics department of Ion Beam Application (IBA), a company specializing in the field of advanced medical technologies for the treatment of cancer. The purpose of this study is to provide information to IBA regarding the environmental impact of its reverse logistics process, in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, as well as to propose strategies to minimize these same emissions.
To achieve these goals, we will use the greenhouse gas quantification methodology, called the Greenhouse Gas Protocol, which is the standard of GHG reporting for businesses. This study presents all aspects of this environmental method, from the identification of GHGs sources, selection of calculation approaches to data collection and related assumptions. From the results obtained for the reverse logistics process, a comparison is made with the emissions that would have been released by a traditional logistics model. From this analysis, recommendations are made regarding the handling of certain types of parts in the reverse logistics department. An economic simulation is also carried out in order to know the cost that the RL department would face in case of a carbon tax introduction.
Furthermore, this report explores three transportation strategies being considered by IBA's reverse logistics department and analyzes whether these could improve the eco-efficiency of the process and be considered as "green logistics" practices. Le contexte actuel est fortement marqué par la mondialisation, la croissance économique globale et une consommation de produits grandissante. Cela a notamment engendré des augmentations de flux logistique à travers le monde. Par conséquent, les émissions de gaz à effet de serre liées à la production, au transport ainsi qu’au stockage des produits se sont vues fortement renforcées. Sur base de ce constat, certains pouvoirs publics ont mis en place des politiques d’environnement, ainsi des instruments économiques, qui visent à endiguer les émissions de gaz à effet de serre rejetées par les entreprises.
Le projet de cette thèse porte sur le département de logistique inverse de l’entreprise Ion Beam Application (IBA) spécialisée dans le domaine des technologies médicales de pointe pour le traitement du cancer. L’objectif de cette étude est de fournir des informations à IBA concernant l’impact environnemental de ce processus de logistique inverse, en termes d’émission de gaz à effet de serre, ainsi que de proposer des stratégies à mettre en place afin de minimer ces mêmes émissions.
Pour atteindre ces objectifs, nous aurons recours à la méthodologie de quantification des gaz à effet de serre, nommée Greenhouse Gas Protocol, qui est la norme en matière de déclaration GES pour les entreprises. Cette étude présente tous les aspects de cette méthode environnementale, de l’identification des sources de GES, de la sélection des approches de calcul à la collecte de données et aux hypothèses s’y référant. À partir des résultats obtenus pour le processus de logistique inverse, une comparaison est faite avec les émissions qui auraient été libérées par un modèle de logistique traditionnelle. De cette analyse, des recommandations sont faites concernant la prise en charge de certains types de pièces dans le département de logistique inverse. Une simulation économique est également effectuée afin de connaitre le coût auquel le département RL serait confronté en cas d’introduction d’une taxe carbone.
En outre, le présent rapport explore trois stratégies de transport pensées par le département de logistique inverse d’IBA et d’analyser si celles-ci peuvent améliorer l’éco-efficience du processus et être considérées comme des pratiques de "logistique verte".

GHG Protocol, greenhouse gas, traditional logistics, reverse logistics, green logistics, carbon tax --- GHG Protocol, gaz à effet de serre, logistique traditionnelle, logistique inverse, logistique verte, taxe carbone --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Production, distribution & gestion de la chaîne logistique

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Global environmental agencies and maritime authorities have become increasingly concerned by the environmental impact of CO2 emission. Increasing fleets of super yachts consume ever larger quantities of fossil fuel. Increasing social pressure and new legislative efforts to reduce environmental damage mean that the industry must respond accordingly. 

Current yacht design legislation has a focus on occupational safety and the environment. However the legislation surrounding environmental protection has been increasing significantly. Environmental legislation addresses both the protection of the environment in the event of an accident and also on reducing the operational environmental impact. 

EEDI or Energy Efficiency Design Index is a new standard, that was set by the IMO (the International Maritime Organization) for new ships greater than 400 GT with some exceptions that can be allowed by Administrative bodies until 2017 (regulation 19.4). The purpose behind the EEDI is to promote innovation from the initial ship design stage in order to reduce energy consumption at full load. It is applicable to many vessels: bulk carriers, tankers, container ships, general cargo ships, passenger ships, gas carriers, gen eral cargo and RO-RO vessels. Working class vessels such as offshore supply vessels, tugboats and dredgers are excluded for the present time. 

There are no conformations until this point in time whether EEDI will be implemented on yachts. Azimut-Benetti is taking an early initiative to investigate any possibilities for improvement. In such event this could become a driver for sales. As the EEDI is measurable figure, this could become a way for comparing shipyards, hence increasing competition on this field. At the conclusion of this research, Azimut-Benetti Yachts will be presented with guidelines that will assist in calculating the EEDI and selecting the most efficient technologies that optimise both cost and efficiency. Azimut-Benetti has a keen interest in the cost and potential savings over time from implementing the EEDI compared to existing technologies and offer to owner‟s efficient yachts

Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), IMO, MEPC, Greenhouse Gas, MARPOL, Reference EEDI, Attained EEDI, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, GHG --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Ingénierie civile

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After the presentation of the state of art about the importance to study the GHG emissions by terrestrial agroecosystemandtherelationwiththeenvironmentalconditions, thedifferentwaystorealizedthisstudyarepresented. First, the different measurement methods are explained. Secondly, the principles of modelling are described followed by an history of the ecosystem models and the ways to classify them. Actually, the models have different objectives and consequently are composed differently. The model developed in the framework of this thesis aims to study the temporal dynamics (from intra-day to inter-annual) of the processes that compose the water, carbon and nitrogen cycle and lead to GHG exchanges between atmosphere and grasslands or croplands. According to those objectives, the model is a one dimension (vertical), dynamic and mechanistic model with a time step of 30 minutes. This model is called TADA, for Terrestrial Agro-ecosystem dynamics Analysis. It is created by using the forest model ASPECTS as a base, by adapting the processes that are specific to crop and grass ecosystems (e.g. phenology, carbon and nitrogen allocation, etc) and by implementing some new necessary process (e.g. management operation, grazing effect, etc). This project is a team work, the different parts of the code are divided by three for the modification, the implementation and the calibration. This thesis focuses on the soil organic carbon, the nitrogen cycle and the management operations. The carbon cycle and the phenology are presented in Delhez (2019) and the water cycle and grazing effect by Dumont (2019). Mineralization, humification and nitrification processes are calibrated in this work by using measurement data acquired on experimental sites located at Dorinne and Lonzée. The results show a lack of measurement data to calibrate the model correctly. After the calibration (including the calibration from the other thesis), the grassland version of the model runs to simulate the year 2013 at Dorinne and the cropland version to simulate the winter wheat crop of 2015 at Lonzée. The modelled results are discussed and compared to the measurement and to the literature. For the cropland, all the carbon fluxes are underestimate which could be a chain reaction due to one process, probably a too low leaf nitrogen content. For the grassland, the values are consistent with the measurements. The nitrous oxide fluxes modelled in the two ecosystems are in the order of magnitude of the value reported in the literature. Different proposals to ameliorate the model or to improve the calibration are then presented in regard with the different results reached. Après la présentation de l’état de l’art sur l’importance d’étudier les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) par les agro-écosystèmes terrestres et leurs relations avec les conditions environnementales, les différentes manières de les étudier sont présentées. Dans un premier temps, les différentes méthodes de mesure sont expliquées. Deuxièmement, les principes de la modélisation sont décrits, suivi d’un historique des modèles d’écosystème et de leur classification. Les modèles ont en effet des objectifs différents et sont donc composés différemment. Le modèle développé dans le cadre de ce travail vise à étudier la dynamique temporelle (de l’intra-journalier à l’interannuelle) des processus qui composent le cycle de l’eau, du carbone et de l’azote et les échanges de GES entre l’atmosphère et les prairies ou les terres cultivées. Selon ces objectifs, le modèle est mécanistique, dynamique avec un pas de temps de 30 minutes et est composé d’une seule dimension (verticale). Ce modèle est appelé TADA, pour "Terrestrial Agro-Ecosystem Dynamics Analysis". Il est créé à partir du modèle ASPECTS, fonctionnant sur les écosystèmes de forêt, comme base et en adaptant les processus spécifiques aux écosystèmes de cultures et de prairies (par exemple: la phénologie, l’allocation de carbone et d’azote, etc.) et en incorporant certains nouveaux processus nécessaires (par exemple: la gestion, l’effet de pâturage, etc.). Ce projet est un travail d’équipe, les différentes parties du code sont divisées en trois pour la modification et la calibration. Ce travail porte sur le carbone organique du sol, le cycle de l’azote et les opérations de management. Le cycle du carbone et la phénologie sont présentés dans Delhez (2019) et le cycle de l’eau ainsi que l’effet de pâturage par Dumont (2019). Dans ce travail, les processus de minéralisation, d’humification et de nitrification sont calibrés en utilisant des donnéesdemesureacquisessurdessitesexpérimentauxsituésàDorinneetàLonzée. Les résultats obtenus indiquent
un manque de données de mesure pour calibrer correctement le modèle. Après la calibration (y compris celles de Delhez (2019) et de Dumont (2019)), la version du modèle pour les pâturages simule l’année 2013 à Dorinne et la version pour les cultures simule la croissance de blé d’hiver de 2015 de Lonzée. Les résultats modélisés sont discutés et comparés aux mesures et à la littérature. Pour les cultures, tous les flux de carbone se révèlent sous-estimés, ce qui peut être une réaction en chaîne due à un autre processus, probablement une trop faible teneur en azote dans les feuilles. Pour les prairies, les valeurs sont cohérentes avec la mesure. Les flux de protoxyde d’azote modélisés dans les deux écosystèmes correspondent à l’ordre de grandeur des valeurs rapportées dans la littérature. Différentes propositions d’amélioration du modèle ou de calibration sont ensuite élaborées en fonction des différents résultats obtenus.

Modèle mécanistique --- Cycle de l'azote --- Carbone du sol --- Pratiques agriculturales --- Flux de GES --- Mechanistic modelling --- Nitrogen cycle --- Soil carbon --- Management practices --- GHG fluxes --- Sciences du vivant > Sciences de l'environnement & écologie

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The Technology Roadmap: Carbon Capture and Storage in Industrial Applications shows that carbon capture and storage (CCS) has the potential to reduce CO2 emissions from industrial applications by 4 gigatonnes in 2050. Such an amount is equal to roughly one-tenth of the total emission cuts needed to reduce emissions by 50% by the middle of the century. The roadmap focuses on five main industrial applications: high-purity CO2 sources, biomass conversion, cement, iron and steel and refineries. It sets out a vision of CCS in industrial applications up to 2050, including milestones that need to be achieved for technology, financing, policy and international collaboration.

Energy --- Carbon sequestration. --- Greenhouse gas mitigation. --- Abatement of greenhouse gas emissions --- Emission reduction, Greenhouse gas --- Emissions reduction, Greenhouse gas --- GHG mitigation --- Greenhouse gas abatement --- Greenhouse gas emission reduction --- Greenhouse gas emissions reduction --- Greenhouse gas reduction --- Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions --- Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions --- Pollution prevention --- Carbon capture and storage --- Carbon dioxide sequestration --- CCS (Carbon sequestration) --- Sequestration (Chemistry)

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Coal has long been the major fossil fuel used to produce electricity. However, coal-fired electric power plants are one of the largest sources of air pollution in the United States, with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from burning of fossil fuels believed to be the major contributor to global climate change. Regulations under development at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) would impose new requirements on fossil-fueled (mostly coal-fired) power plants (CFPPs) to control GHG emissions. This book focuses on efficiency improvements to power plants, and discusses retrofits, technologies,

Coal-fired power plants. --- Greenhouse gas mitigation. --- Coal-burning power plants --- Coal-fired power stations --- Power-plants --- Abatement of greenhouse gas emissions --- Emission reduction, Greenhouse gas --- Emissions reduction, Greenhouse gas --- GHG mitigation --- Greenhouse gas abatement --- Greenhouse gas emission reduction --- Greenhouse gas emissions reduction --- Greenhouse gas reduction --- Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions --- Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions --- Pollution prevention