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This Background Paper on the United States examines the effect of fiscal deficit reduction in the context of the IMF’s multicountry simulation model, on the current account and the real exchange rate. The simulations suggest that, other things being equal, fiscal consolidation will tend to cause the real exchange rate to depreciate in the short term. The paper also estimates a long-term relationship between the real effective exchange rate for the U.S. dollar and a number of variables.

Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Taxation --- Banks and Banking --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- International Investment --- Long-term Capital Movements --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Monetary economics --- Finance --- Income --- Real exchange rates --- Exchange rates --- Flat tax --- Personal income --- National accounts --- Taxes --- Income tax --- Money --- Balance of payments --- United States

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Rapport des personnalités éminentes, revenu du FMI, réserves d'or du FMI, Andrew Crockett, indicateurs de solidité financière, économie européenne, entretien avec Michael Deppler, Allemagne, France, main-d'œuvre européenne, compétitivité européenne, impôt forfaitaire, Michael Keen.

Investments: Metals --- Finance: General --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Taxation --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation --- Metals and Metal Products --- Cement --- Glass --- Ceramics --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Labour --- income economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Finance --- Investment & securities --- Personal income --- Flat tax --- Financial soundness indicators --- Gold --- Unemployment --- Income --- Income tax --- Financial services industry --- Germany --- Income economics

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One of the most striking tax developments in recent years, and one that continues to attract considerable attention, is the adoption by several countries of a form of "flat tax." Discussion of these quite radical reforms has been marked, however, more by assertion and rhetoric than by analysis and evidence. This paper reviews experience with the flat tax, seeking to redress the balance. It stresses that the flat taxes that have been adopted differ fundamentally, and that empirical evidence on their effects is very limited. This precludes simple generalization, but several lessons emerge: there is no sign of Laffer-type behavioral responses generating revenue increases from the tax cut elements of these reforms; their impact on compliance is theoretically ambiguous, but there is evidence for Russia that compliance did improve; the distributional effects of the flat taxes are not unambiguously regressive, and in some cases they may have increased progressivity, including through the impact on compliance; adoption of the flat tax has not resolved common challenges in taxing capital income; and it may have strengthened, not weakened, the automatic stabilizers. Looking forward, the question is not so much whether more countries will adopt a flat tax as whether those that have will move away from it.

Flat-rate income tax --- Econometric models. --- Flat income tax --- Flat-rate tax --- Flat tax --- Tax, Flat --- Income tax --- Macroeconomics --- Personal Finance -Taxation --- Taxation --- Corporate Taxation --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents: General --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- Public finance & taxation --- Corporate & business tax --- Personal income --- Marginal effective tax rate --- Personal income tax --- Corporate income tax --- Taxes --- National accounts --- Tax policy --- Income --- Tax administration and procedure --- Corporations --- Slovak Republic

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This book surveys the current state of public economics by taking as a case study the proposal for a basic income financed by a flat income tax. It revises the area in which there has been active research in recent years, including the theory of optimum, the incidence of taxation, public choice theory, and tax benefit models.

Flat-rate income tax --- Guaranteed annual income --- Income tax --- Social choice --- Social security --- Impôt sur le revenu --- Revenu annuel garanti --- Choix collectif --- Sécurité sociale --- Finance --- Taux uniforme --- Finances --- Social Security --- finance --- 336.1 --- 336.215.21 --- 36 --- 330.56 --- -Guaranteed annual income --- 351.713*12 --- Choice, Social --- Collective choice --- Public choice --- Choice (Psychology) --- Social psychology --- Welfare economics --- Annual income guarantee --- Guaranteed income --- Economic security --- Income --- Income maintenance programs --- Insurance, Social --- Insurance, State and compulsory --- Social insurance --- Insurance --- Flat income tax --- Flat-rate tax --- Flat tax --- Tax, Flat --- Personal income tax --- Taxable income --- Taxation of income --- Direct taxation --- Internal revenue --- Progressive taxation --- Tithes --- Wages --- Public finance, government finance in general --- Negatieve belastingsinkomsten --- Maatschappelijk werk --- Nationaal inkomen. Volksinkomen. Gezinsinkomen. Vermogensstratificatie. Particuliere inkomens en bestedingen. Armoede. Honger --- Taxation --- Flat-rate income tax. --- Guaranteed annual income. --- Income tax. --- Social choice. --- Finance. --- 330.56 Nationaal inkomen. Volksinkomen. Gezinsinkomen. Vermogensstratificatie. Particuliere inkomens en bestedingen. Armoede. Honger --- 36 Maatschappelijk werk --- 336.215.21 Negatieve belastingsinkomsten --- 336.1 Public finance, government finance in general --- Impôt sur le revenu --- Sécurité sociale --- E-books --- Basic income. --- Basic income guarantee --- Guaranteed minimum income --- Universal basic income --- Basic income --- 36 Safeguarding the mental and material necessities of life --- Safeguarding the mental and material necessities of life --- 36 Waarborgen van de mentale en materiële behoeften van het leven; maatschappelijk werk --- Waarborgen van de mentale en materiële behoeften van het leven; maatschappelijk werk --- Social Security - finance

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In today's social climate of acknowledged and growing inequality, why are there not greater efforts to tax the rich? In this wide-ranging and provocative book, Kenneth Scheve and David Stasavage ask when and why countries tax their wealthiest citizens-and their answers may surprise you.Taxing the Rich draws on unparalleled evidence from twenty countries over the last two centuries to provide the broadest and most in-depth history of progressive taxation available. Scheve and Stasavage explore the intellectual and political debates surrounding the taxation of the wealthy while also providing the most detailed examination to date of when taxes have been levied against the rich and when they haven't. Fairness in debates about taxing the rich has depended on different views of what it means to treat people as equals and whether taxing the rich advances or undermines this norm. Scheve and Stasavage argue that governments don't tax the rich just because inequality is high or rising-they do it when people believe that such taxes compensate for the state unfairly privileging the wealthy. Progressive taxation saw its heyday in the twentieth century, when compensatory arguments for taxing the rich focused on unequal sacrifice in mass warfare. Today, as technology gives rise to wars of more limited mobilization, such arguments are no longer persuasive.Taxing the Rich shows how the future of tax reform will depend on whether political and economic conditions allow for new compensatory arguments to be made.

331.161.2 --- 336.203 --- Inégalité sociale --- Europe --- États-Unis --- Impôt sur la fortune --- Impôt direct --- Japon --- Income tax --- Rich people --- BPB1606 --- Wealth --- Affluence --- Distribution of wealth --- Fortunes --- Riches --- Business --- Economics --- Finance --- Capital --- Money --- Property --- Well-being --- Affluent people --- High income people --- Rich --- Rich, The --- Wealthy people --- Social classes --- Personal income tax --- Taxable income --- Taxation of income --- Direct taxation --- Internal revenue --- Progressive taxation --- Tithes --- Wages --- Geschiedenis van de belastingen. --- progressieve, degressieve en proportionele belastingen. --- Sociale ongelijkheid --- Europa --- Verenigde Staten --- Vermogensbelasting --- Directe belasting --- Japan --- History. --- Taxation --- Economic conditions --- Taxes --- vermogensbelasting --- fiscale geschiedenis --- europa --- verenigde staten --- impot sur le capital --- histoire de la fiscalité --- europe --- états-unis --- Sociaal werk --- Duurzame ontwikkeling --- Япония --- Japán --- Ιαπωνία --- Japani --- Јапан --- Japāna --- Japonsko --- il-Ġappun --- Japonska --- Japón --- Japonia --- Giappone --- Jaapan --- Japão --- An tSeapáin --- Japonija --- Јапонија --- Japonské císařství --- Парламентарна Уставна Монархија Јапонија --- Nippon --- podatek bezpośredni --- neposredni porez --- tiesioginis mokestis --- direkt skatt --- imposto direto --- välitön vero --- директни даноци --- otsene maks --- priama daň --- directe belasting --- tiešais nodoklis --- direkte Steuer --- tatim i drejtpërdrejtë --- imposta diretta --- άμεσος φόρος --- impuesto directo --- taxxa diretta --- direkte skat --- direct tax --- пряк данък --- impozit direct --- közvetlen adó --- přímá daň --- neposredni davek --- непосредни порез --- непосредни даноци --- imposto directo --- izravni porez --- imposta patrimoniale --- daň z bohatstva --- данок на богатство --- порез на богатство --- daň z bohatství --- φόρος στην περιουσία --- magánszemélyt terhelő vagyonadó --- varallisuusvero --- impozit pe avere --- förmögenhetsskatt --- impuesto sobre el patrimonio --- gerovės mokestis --- taksë mbi pasurinë --- varandusemaks --- porez na bogatstvo --- wealth tax --- Besteuerung privaten Vermögens --- īpašuma nodoklis --- imposto sobre a fortuna --- podatek od bogactwa --- taxxa fuq il-ġid --- данък върху богатството --- formueskat --- davek od premoženja --- φόρος ακίνητης περιουσίας --- turto mokestis --- данок на лична капитална добивка --- die Vereinigte Staaten --- Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá --- Združene države --- United States --- Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες --- l-Istati Uniti --- Ameerika Ühendriigid --- Stati Uniti --- Shtetet e Bashkuara --- Estados Unidos --- Stany Zjednoczone --- Spojené státy --- Egyesült Államok --- Statele Unite --- Amerikas Savienotās Valstis --- Förenta staterna --- Сједињене Америчке Државе --- Jungtinės Valstijos --- Yhdysvallat --- Съединени щати --- Sjedinjene Američke Države --- Spojené štáty --- Соединети Американски Држави --- Amerikas Forenede Stater --- САД --- VS --- USA --- EE.UU. --- JAV --- Amerikas förenta stater --- l-Istati Uniti tal-Amerika --- los Estados Unidos de América --- ΗΠΑ --- Shtetet e Bashkuara të Amerikës --- SAD --- Verenigde Staten van Amerika --- Соединетите Држави --- Amerikai Egyesült Államok --- Stati Uniti d'America --- Statele Unite ale Americii --- Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες της Αμερικής --- SHBA --- United States of America --- Ühendriigid --- Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες Αμερικής --- EUA --- ASV --- États-Unis d'Amérique --- Združene države Amerike --- Stany Zjednoczone Ameryki --- САЩ --- Съединени американски щати --- SUA --- Yhdysvallat, USA --- Spojené státy americké --- U.S.A. --- Jungtinės Amerikos Valstijos --- Sjedinjene Države --- Estados Unidos da América --- De Forenede Stater --- Spojené státy severoamerické --- Amerikan yhdysvallat --- Spojené štáty americké --- die Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika --- US --- Eiropa --- Ευρώπη --- Ewropa --- Euroopa --- Eurooppa --- Европа --- Európa --- hEorpa --- Evropa --- țări europene --- Europese landen --- země Evropy --- Euroopa riigid --- evropské státy --- países europeus --- evropské země --- европски земји --- European countries --- europæiske lande --- ευρωπαϊκές χώρες --- país europeo --- Euroopan maat --- paesi europei --- nazioni europee --- európske krajiny --- país de Europa --- európai országok --- Europos šalys --- pays européens --- státy Evropy --- Europese staten --- vende europiane --- europäische Länder --- europeiska länder --- desigualdade social --- друштвена неједнакост --- inechitate socială --- social inequality --- sociálna nerovnosť --- pabarazi shoqërore --- desigualdad social --- društvena nejednakost --- sociale ongelijkheid --- socialna neenakost --- nierówność społeczna --- sociala skillnader --- social ulighed --- socialinė nelygybė --- yhteiskunnallinen eriarvoisuus --- disuguaglianza sociale --- inugwaljanza soċjali --- soziale Ungleichheit --- општествена нееднаквост --- sotsiaalne ebavõrdsus --- sociālā nevienlīdzība --- sociální nerovnost --- κοινωνική ανισότητα --- társadalmi egyenlőtlenség --- социално неравенство --- општествена хиерархија --- disparità sociale --- Geschiedenis van de belastingen --- progressieve, degressieve en proportionele belastingen --- History --- Taxation&delete& --- #SBIB:33H16 --- #SBIB:33H13 --- #SBIB:35H220 --- Graduated taxation --- Proportional taxation --- Taxation, Progressive --- Publieke financiën --- Economische politiek --- Financieel management bij de overheid: algemene werken --- Belasting --- fiscaliteit, kapitaal --- cáin dhíreach --- cáin rachmais --- Na Stáit Aontaithe --- An Eoraip --- éagothromaíocht shóisialta --- Inégalité sociale --- États-Unis --- Impôt sur la fortune --- Impôt direct --- Imposte sul reddito --- Europa. --- USA. --- United States. --- Europe. --- Ability To Pay. --- At Best. --- Bond (finance). --- Capital levy. --- Conscription. --- Consideration. --- Consumption tax. --- Corporate tax. --- Debt. --- Direct tax. --- Economic efficiency. --- Economic growth. --- Economic inequality. --- Economic interventionism. --- Economic policy. --- Economics. --- Economist. --- Economy. --- Emmanuel Saez. --- Employment. --- Equality of outcome. --- Estate tax in the United States. --- Excise Tax. --- Expense. --- Finance. --- Financial crisis. --- Flat tax. --- Funding. --- Gift tax. --- Globalization. --- Government revenue. --- Gross domestic product. --- Incentive. --- Income distribution. --- Income tax in the United States. --- Income tax. --- Income. --- Indirect tax. --- Inflation. --- Inheritance tax. --- Institution. --- Jean Tirole. --- John Stuart Mill. --- Legislation. --- Legislature. --- Luxury goods. --- Mass mobilization. --- Middle class. --- Oligarchy. --- On War. --- Payroll tax. --- Pension. --- People's Budget. --- Percentage point. --- Percentage. --- Political economy. --- Political party. --- Political science. --- Political spectrum. --- Politics. --- Progressive tax. --- Property tax. --- Provision (accounting). --- Public finance. --- Quarterly Journal of Economics. --- Rates (tax). --- Redistribution of income and wealth. --- Sacrifice. --- Salary. --- Self-interest. --- Stanford University. --- Suffrage. --- Tariff. --- Tax Fairness. --- Tax Schedule. --- Tax deduction. --- Tax incidence. --- Tax law. --- Tax policy. --- Tax rate. --- Tax revenue. --- Tax. --- Taxation in the United Kingdom. --- Taxation in the United States. --- Taxpayer. --- Technology. --- Thomas Piketty. --- Total revenue. --- Universal suffrage. --- University of Amsterdam. --- War effort. --- War reparations. --- War. --- Warfare. --- Wealth tax. --- Wealth. --- Welfare state. --- Welfare. --- World War I. --- World War II.