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Les pays développés se sont engagés à mobiliser ensemble 100 milliards USD par an d’ici à 2020 afin de financer les efforts de lutte contre le changement climatique dans les pays en développement. Cinq ans après l’annonce de cet engagement, qui a été faite à Copenhague en 2009 lors de la COP15, et six ans avant la date butoir de 2020, ce rapport présente un état des lieux du financement climatique mobilisé à cette fin par les pays développés en 2013 et 2014. Des avancées non négligeables ont été réalisées vers cet objectif. Selon les estimations préliminaires que présente ce rapport, le financement climatique a atteint 62 milliards USD en 2014 et 52 milliards USD en 2013, ce qui équivaut à une moyenne de 57 milliards USD par an pour ces deux années. Le rapport s‘attache à faire preuve de transparence et de rigueur dans l’analyse des données disponibles et le choix des hypothèses et des méthodes sous-jacente, malgré les limites que peut imposer un exercice de notification globale. Les approches méthodologiques et les activités de collecte de données nécessaires pour étayer l’élaboration d’estimations de cette nature vont en s’améliorant. Comme le souligne le rapport, il reste néanmoins des efforts importants à faire pour parvenir à établir des estimations plus complètes et plus justes à l’avenir. L’OCDE et CPI sont prêts à appuyer cet effort.

Nature and nurture. --- Euthenics. --- Environment --- Human beings --- Eugenics --- Genetics and environment --- Heredity and environment --- Nature --- Nature versus nurture --- Nurture and nature --- Genetics --- Heredity --- Effect of environment on --- Nurture --- Environmental effects on human beings --- Environment and genetics --- Environment and heredity

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Nature and nurture. --- Environment --- Genetics and environment --- Heredity and environment --- Nature --- Nature versus nurture --- Nurture and nature --- Genetics --- Heredity --- Human beings --- Nurture --- Effect of environment on --- Environment and genetics --- Environment and heredity

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“One afternoon, a patient who had been in three times weekly ... psychotherapy ... left my office after her session, drove down to the train tracks half a mile from my office, and sat down facing an oncoming train.” This tragic event opens the essay by psychoanalyst Susanne Chassay who explores the relationship between private and political terrorism. Her viewpoint complements analyses of violence – that ‘mercurial gestalt’ – by other contributors to this collection derived from a 2003 Cultures of Violence conference held at St. Catherine’s College, Oxford, organized by the Inter-disciplinary Net. From fields as diverse as philosophy, sociology, psychology, history, political science, literary criticism, and forensics, authors consider, for instance, hostility to European minorities; military training and torture; the ‘endemic violence’ aesthetically recorded by Haitian novelists; child abuse in film; female genital mutilation in fiction; or the massacre of Koreans during the 1923 Japanese earthquake. Violence in contact zones in Northern Ireland or in the memory of South African museum directors trying to comply with Truth and Reconciliation Commission mandates is also an object of scrutiny here. Finally, that vexed, primordial issue of violence – nature or nurture? – is probed.

Violence. --- Violence --- Nature and nurture. --- Violent behavior --- Social psychology --- Environment --- Genetics and environment --- Heredity and environment --- Nature --- Nature versus nurture --- Nurture and nature --- Genetics --- Heredity --- Human beings --- Psychological aspects. --- Nurture --- Effect of environment on --- Environment and genetics --- Environment and heredity

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Cognitive psychology --- Developmental psychology --- Intellect --- Nature and nurture --- Intelligence --- Hérédité et milieu --- 159.928 --- Begaafdheid. Intelligentie --- 159.928 Begaafdheid. Intelligentie --- Hérédité et milieu --- Intellect. --- Environment --- Genetics and environment --- Heredity and environment --- Nature --- Nature versus nurture --- Nurture and nature --- Genetics --- Heredity --- Human beings --- Human intelligence --- Mind --- Ability --- Psychology --- Thought and thinking --- Nurture --- Effect of environment on --- Environment and genetics --- Environment and heredity

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Intellect --- Nature and nurture --- Genetic aspects --- -Nature and nurture --- Environment --- Genetics and environment --- Heredity and environment --- Nature --- Nature versus nurture --- Nurture and nature --- Genetics --- Heredity --- Human beings --- Human intelligence --- Intelligence --- Mind --- Ability --- Psychology --- Mental retardation --- Thought and thinking --- Nurture --- Effect of environment on --- Nature and nurture. --- Genetic aspects. --- Environment and genetics --- Environment and heredity --- Intellect - Genetic aspects