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Energy conservation --- Energy models

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Heat --- Heat loss --- Energy models --- Thermal radiation --- Transmission.

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Transportation is vital to economic and social development, but at the same time generates undesired consequences on local, regional, and global scales. One of the largest challenges is the mitigation of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions, to which this sector already contributes one-quarter globally and one-third in the United States. Technology measures are the prerequisite for drastically mitigating energy use and all emission species, but they are not sufficient. The resulting need for complementing technology measures with behavioral change policies contrasts sharply with the analyses carried out by virtually all energy / economy / environment (E3) models, given their focus on pure technology-based solutions. This paper addresses the challenges for E3 models to simulate behavioral changes in transportation. A survey of 13 major models concludes that especially hybrid energy models would already be capable of simulating some behavioral change policies, most notably the imposition of the full marginal societal costs of transportation. Another survey of major macroscopic transportation models finds that key specifications required for simulating behavioral change have already been implemented and tested, albeit not necessarily on a global scale. When integrating these key features into E3 models, a wide range of technology and behavioral change policies could be analyzed.

Behavioral change --- Climate Change Economics --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Energy --- Energy models --- Environment --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Greenhouse gas emissions --- Integrated assessment --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Roads & Highways --- Transport Economics Policy & Planning --- Transportation

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HOSPITALS --- ENERGY --- CONSUMPTION --- ENERGY CONSERVATION --- HEAT RECOVERY --- CYCLOTRONS --- METEOROLOGICAL DATA --- COST ANALYSIS --- AUDITING --- ENERGY MODELS --- RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS --- AIR CONDITIONING --- AIR INTAKES --- FLUID INFILTRATION --- REQUIREMENTS --- GAS HEATING --- COMPARISON --- ELECTRIC HEATING --- SAVINGS

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ENERGY CONSERVATION --- BENEFIT COST ANALYSIS --- BUILDINGS --- DESIGN --- PLANNING --- SOLAR ENERGY --- INVESTMENTS --- ECONOMIC ANALYSIS --- SAVINGS --- VALUE ENGINEERING --- HEAT PUMPS --- INFLATION ECONOMICS --- TAXES --- INCENTIVES --- SOLAR HEATING --- WINDOWS --- PERFORMANCE EVALUATION --- ENERGY MODELS