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There is a long and rich history of opinion centred on female prayer leadership in Islam that has occupied the minds of theologians and jurists alike. It includes outright prohibition, dislike, permissibility under certain conditions and, although rarely, unrestricted sanction, or even endorsement This book discusses debates drawn from scholars of the formative period of Islam who engaged with the issue of female prayer leadership. SimonettaCalderini critically analyses their arguments, puts them into their historical context, and, for the first time, tracks down how they have informed current views on female imama (prayer leadership). In presenting the variety of opinions discussed in the past by Sunni and Shi'i scholars, and some of the Sufis among them, the book uncovers how they are, at present, being used selectively, depending on modern agendas and biases. It also reviews the roles and types of authority of current women imams in diverse contexts spanning from Asia, Africa and Europe to America. The research offers readers the opportunity to gain nuanced answers to the question of female imama today that may lead to informed discussions and to change, if not necessarily in practices then at the very least in attitudes. This ground-breaking book interrogates the cases of women who are reported to have led prayer in the past. It then analyses the voices of current women imams, many of whom engage with those women of the past to validate their own roles in the present and so pave the way for the future.

Women imams (Mosque officers) --- Comparative Religions (Rel Studies) --- Gender and the Middle East (Middle East) --- Islamic Studies (Middle East), Middle East --- Female imams (Mosque officers) --- Imams (Mosque officers) --- E-books --- Imams (Shiites)

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Mansfield draws on his experience as a journalist and historian to explore two centuries of history in this volatile area of the world, which has been torn by conflicts, both cultural and economic, for more than 4,000 years. Rich in detail, authoritative, and informative, A History of the Middle East sheds new light on a subject of ever-increasing interest as we enter the 21st century.

Middle East --- Asia, South West --- Asia, Southwest --- Asia, West --- Asia, Western --- East (Middle East) --- Eastern Mediterranean --- Fertile Crescent --- Levant --- Mediterranean Region, Eastern --- Mideast --- Near East --- Northern Tier (Middle East) --- South West Asia --- Southwest Asia --- West Asia --- Western Asia --- Orient --- History

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Middle East --- Asia, South West --- Asia, Southwest --- Asia, West --- Asia, Western --- East (Middle East) --- Eastern Mediterranean --- Fertile Crescent --- Levant --- Mediterranean Region, Eastern --- Mideast --- Near East --- Northern Tier (Middle East) --- South West Asia --- Southwest Asia --- West Asia --- Western Asia --- Orient --- Civilization

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History of Asia --- anno 1900-1999 --- Middle East --- 950 --- Midden-Oosten --- Geschiedenis van Azië --- Asia, South West --- Asia, Southwest --- Asia, Western --- East (Middle East) --- Eastern Mediterranean --- Fertile Crescent --- Levant --- Mediterranean Region, Eastern --- Mideast --- Near East --- Northern Tier (Middle East) --- South West Asia --- Southwest Asia --- Orient --- Politics and government --- -Midden-Oosten --- politiek --- geschiedenis --- -anno 1900-1999 --- geschiedenis. --- Politiek --- Geschiedenis. --- -950

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A study of the business, marketing, banking, economic integration and management practices of the Middle East. It examines the current sociocultural forces that impact the regional business environment, with a particular focus on globalization.

Business management --- International economic relations --- Middle East --- Middle East-- Foreign economic relations. --- Commerce --- Business & Economics --- International Commerce --- Foreign economic relations. --- Economic conditions --- Economic integration. --- Asia, South West --- Asia, Southwest --- Asia, Western --- East (Middle East) --- Eastern Mediterranean --- Fertile Crescent --- Levant --- Mediterranean Region, Eastern --- Mideast --- Near East --- Northern Tier (Middle East) --- South West Asia --- Southwest Asia --- Asia, West --- West Asia --- Western Asia --- Orient