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The inequality of opportunity theory postulates that achievement gaps arising because of factors beyond the individual's control are morally unacceptable and should therefore be compensated by society. These factors or circumstances range from the individual's social background to adverse shocks. Most studies have focused on the contribution of social background and genetic and other childhood-related circumstances to inequality of opportunity. Borrowing insights based on the impressionable years hypothesis in social psychology, this paper tests how exposure to adverse shocks, such as war, in early adulthood (ages 18-25) affects the individual's future labor earnings and subsequently contributes to earnings inequality. The application to the Democratic Republic of Congo is associated with two significant takeaways. First, all else equal, individuals who experience intensely violent conflict at a young age earn significantly less than their counterparts. Second, after controlling for the individual's social background, the share of overall inequality in earnings accounted for by the experience of adverse shocks in early adulthood is not negligible, ranging from 2.5 to 3.5 percent. These insights broaden our understanding in the discussion on inequality of opportunity and represent a new path in the design of allocation policies that seek to reduce inequality and poverty.

Adverse Shocks --- Conflict --- Early Adulthood --- Education --- Educational Sciences --- Gender and Development --- Inequality --- Labor Markets --- Poverty --- Poverty Reduction --- Primary Education --- Social Protections and Labor --- Violence --- Wages

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Miller's Children is a passionate and comprehensive look at the human consequences of the US Supreme Court's decision in the case of Miller v. Alabama, which outlaws mandatory life-without-parole sentences for juvenile murderers. The decision to apply the law retroactively to other cases has provided hope to those convicted of murders as teenagers and had been incarcerated with the expectation that they would never leave prison until their own death as incarcerated adults. Psychological expert witness James Garbarino shares his fieldwork in more than forty resentencing cases of juveniles affected by the Miller decision. Providing a wide-ranging review of current research on human development in adolescence and early adulthood, he shows how studies reveal the adolescent mind's keen ability for malleability, suggesting the true potential for rehabilitation. Garbarino focuses on how and why some convicted teenage murderers have been able to accomplish dramatic rehabilitation and transformation, emphasizing the role of education, reflection, mentoring, and spiritual development. With a deft hand, he shows us the prisoners' world that is filled, first and foremost, with stories of hope amid despair, and moral and psychological recovery in the face of developmental insult and damage.

Juvenile delinquents --- Juvenile homicide --- Correctional psychology. --- Criminals --- Juvenile corrections. --- Psychological aspects. --- Rehabilitation. --- adolescence. --- alabama. --- death sentence. --- early adulthood. --- education. --- human development. --- incarcerated adults. --- life without parole. --- mentoring. --- miller v alabama. --- minors in jail. --- murder. --- prison. --- psychological recovery. --- reflection. --- rehabilitation. --- spiritual development. --- stories of hope. --- supreme court. --- teenage murderers. --- transformation. --- united states.

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This reprint represents the articles published in the Special Issue “Brain Function and Health, Sports, and Exercise”. Fifteen articles were published, with topics covering the relationship between acute effects of exercise on cognitive function, as well as the influence of exercise on positive medium-term adaptations in populations as children, youth, adults and older. We think that the different approaches used in the different articles will help the readers to have a greater overview of the current research in brain and exercise.

Lifestyle, sport & leisure --- aerobic exercise --- creativity --- convergent thinking --- divergent thinking --- flexibility --- insight problem-solving --- cognitive functions --- mood --- vigor --- pleasure --- open-skill exercises --- closed-skill exercises --- cognition --- older adults --- physical activity --- sleep --- inhibitory performance --- mediating effects --- exercise --- attention --- attentional bias --- arousal --- randomized controlled trials --- non-randomized controlled trials --- cross-over studies --- systematic review --- meta-analysis --- video exercises --- attitudes --- online platform --- Brain Breaks® --- handgrip strength --- hypertension --- China --- international physical activity questionnaires --- alternate uses test --- antisaccade --- oculomotor --- task-evoked pupil dilation --- vision --- diffusion tensor imaging --- fractional anisotropy --- inhibitory control --- aerobic fitness --- early adulthood --- long-rope jumping --- 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol --- 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid --- soccer --- sports --- depressive symptoms --- mental health --- brain --- exercise intensity --- executive function --- motor expertise --- balance --- spatial cognition --- high altitude --- cardiorespiratory fitness --- stress --- amygdala --- hippocampus --- physical exercise --- cognitive exercise --- simultaneous training --- healthy aging --- cerebral oxygenation

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This reprint represents the articles published in the Special Issue “Brain Function and Health, Sports, and Exercise”. Fifteen articles were published, with topics covering the relationship between acute effects of exercise on cognitive function, as well as the influence of exercise on positive medium-term adaptations in populations as children, youth, adults and older. We think that the different approaches used in the different articles will help the readers to have a greater overview of the current research in brain and exercise.

Lifestyle, sport & leisure --- aerobic exercise --- creativity --- convergent thinking --- divergent thinking --- flexibility --- insight problem-solving --- cognitive functions --- mood --- vigor --- pleasure --- open-skill exercises --- closed-skill exercises --- cognition --- older adults --- physical activity --- sleep --- inhibitory performance --- mediating effects --- exercise --- attention --- attentional bias --- arousal --- randomized controlled trials --- non-randomized controlled trials --- cross-over studies --- systematic review --- meta-analysis --- video exercises --- attitudes --- online platform --- Brain Breaks® --- handgrip strength --- hypertension --- China --- international physical activity questionnaires --- alternate uses test --- antisaccade --- oculomotor --- task-evoked pupil dilation --- vision --- diffusion tensor imaging --- fractional anisotropy --- inhibitory control --- aerobic fitness --- early adulthood --- long-rope jumping --- 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol --- 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid --- soccer --- sports --- depressive symptoms --- mental health --- brain --- exercise intensity --- executive function --- motor expertise --- balance --- spatial cognition --- high altitude --- cardiorespiratory fitness --- stress --- amygdala --- hippocampus --- physical exercise --- cognitive exercise --- simultaneous training --- healthy aging --- cerebral oxygenation