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Recent research and development in the field of high-current circuit breaker technology are devoted to meeting two challenges: the environmental compatibility and new demands on electrical grids caused by the increasing use of renewable energies. Electric arcs in gases or a vacuum are the key component in the technology at present and will play a key role also in future concepts, e.g., for hybrid and fast switching required for high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) transmission systems. In addition, the replacement of the environmentally harmful SF6 in gas breakers and gas-insulated switchgear is an actual issue. This Special Issue comprises eight peer-reviewed papers, which address recent studies of switching arcs and electrical insulation at high and medium voltage. Three papers consider issues of the replacement of the environmentally harmful SF6 by CO2 in high-voltage gas circuit breakers. One paper deals with fast switching in air with relevance for hybrid fault current limiters and hybrid HVDC interrupters. The other four papers illustrate actual research on vacuum current breakers as an additional option for environmentally compatible switchgear; fundamental studies of the vacuum arc ignition, as well as concepts for the use of vacuum arcs for DC interruption.

Technology: general issues --- vacuum circuit breaker --- double break --- prestrike characteristics --- vacuum interrupter --- prestrike gap --- gaseous breakdown --- SF6 --- CO2 --- surface roughness --- statistical enlargement laws --- vacuum arc --- DC circuit breaker --- current interruption --- magnetic field --- plasma physics --- zero-crossing --- circuit breaker --- switching arc --- optical emission spectroscopy --- ablation --- current zero --- SF6 alternative gases --- PTFE --- optical absorption spectroscopy --- Swan bands --- CuF --- hybrid dc circuit breaker --- vacuum arc commutation --- solid-state switch --- vacuum arc voltage --- air arc plasma --- Thomson actuator --- magnetohydrodynamic simulations --- fast switch --- optical diagnostics

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Recent research and development in the field of high-current circuit breaker technology are devoted to meeting two challenges: the environmental compatibility and new demands on electrical grids caused by the increasing use of renewable energies. Electric arcs in gases or a vacuum are the key component in the technology at present and will play a key role also in future concepts, e.g., for hybrid and fast switching required for high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) transmission systems. In addition, the replacement of the environmentally harmful SF6 in gas breakers and gas-insulated switchgear is an actual issue. This Special Issue comprises eight peer-reviewed papers, which address recent studies of switching arcs and electrical insulation at high and medium voltage. Three papers consider issues of the replacement of the environmentally harmful SF6 by CO2 in high-voltage gas circuit breakers. One paper deals with fast switching in air with relevance for hybrid fault current limiters and hybrid HVDC interrupters. The other four papers illustrate actual research on vacuum current breakers as an additional option for environmentally compatible switchgear; fundamental studies of the vacuum arc ignition, as well as concepts for the use of vacuum arcs for DC interruption.

Technology: general issues --- vacuum circuit breaker --- double break --- prestrike characteristics --- vacuum interrupter --- prestrike gap --- gaseous breakdown --- SF6 --- CO2 --- surface roughness --- statistical enlargement laws --- vacuum arc --- DC circuit breaker --- current interruption --- magnetic field --- plasma physics --- zero-crossing --- circuit breaker --- switching arc --- optical emission spectroscopy --- ablation --- current zero --- SF6 alternative gases --- PTFE --- optical absorption spectroscopy --- Swan bands --- CuF --- hybrid dc circuit breaker --- vacuum arc commutation --- solid-state switch --- vacuum arc voltage --- air arc plasma --- Thomson actuator --- magnetohydrodynamic simulations --- fast switch --- optical diagnostics

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The electrical energy industry is undergoing dramatic changes: massive deployment of renewables, increasing share of DC networks at transmission and distribution levels, and at the same time, a continuing reduction in conventional synchronous generation, all contribute to a situation where a variety of technical and economic challenges emerge. As the society’s reliance on electrical power continues to increase as a result of international decarbonisation commitments, the need for secure and uninterrupted delivery of electrical energy to all customers has never been greater. Power system protection plays an important enabling role in future decarbonized energy systems. This book includes ten papers covering a wide range of topics related to protection system problems and solutions, such as adaptive protection, protection of HVDC and LVDC systems, unconventional or enhanced protection methods, protection of superconducting transmission cables, and high voltage lightning protection. This volume has been edited by Adam Dyśko, Senior Lecturer at the University of Strathclyde, UK, and Dimitrios Tzelepis, Research Fellow at the University of Strathclyde.

decentralized protection scheme --- fault analysis --- low voltage direct current grids --- plug-and-play systems --- solid-state circuit breakers --- DC grids --- fault protection --- local detection --- local action --- DC circuit breaker --- AC microgrid --- adaptive protection --- IEC 61850 GOOSE protocol --- substation automation --- adaptive auto-reclosing --- power system protection --- EV transmission lines --- transient fault --- Hilbert–Huang transform --- microgrid --- distributed generation --- inverse-time over-current protection --- coordination optimization --- superconducting cable --- quench --- high temperature --- coppers stabilizer --- superconducting tape --- fault current limiting feature --- power generation-side --- multi-information fusion --- hierarchical protection system --- system layer --- station layer --- local layer --- wavelet entropy --- transient component --- MMC-HVDC --- protection --- building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) --- lightning attachment characteristics --- lightning energy withstand capability --- numerical and experimental analysis --- ±230 kV MMC-HVDC --- zero-crossing DCCB --- DC transmission line --- fault current --- hybrid DCCB --- bidirectional DCCB --- external elements --- energy dissipation --- n/a --- Hilbert-Huang transform

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Electric power systems are headed for a true changing of the guard, due to the urgent need for achieving sustainable energy delivery. Fortunately, the development of new technologies is driving the transition of power systems toward a carbon-free paradigm while maintaining the current standards of quality, efficiency, and resilience. The introduction of HVDC and FACTS in the 20th century, taking advantage of dramatic improvements in power electronics and control, gave rise to unprecedented levels of flexibility and speed of response in comparison with traditional electromechanical devices. This flexibility is nowadays required more than ever in order to solve a puzzle with pieces that do not always fit perfectly. This Special Issue aims to address the role that FACTS and HVDC systems can play in helping electric power systems face the challenges of the near future.

History of engineering & technology --- VSC-HVDC --- unbalanced grid conditions --- double frequency ripples --- power compensation --- passive-based control --- disturbance observer --- dynamic capacitor --- inductive unbalanced load --- reactive power compensation --- imbalance suppression --- compensation ability --- HVDC transmission --- hybrid multi-terminal HVDC --- LCC --- MTDC --- power system analysis --- VSC --- breakers --- hybrid DC circuit breaker --- fault current limiters --- non-superconducting fault current limiters --- current-limiting inductors --- voltage source converter --- FACTS --- grid services --- CHIL --- PHIL --- lab testing --- field testing --- standards --- STATCOM --- replica --- review --- korean power system --- subsynchronous resonance (SSR) --- synchronous voltage reversal (SVR) --- thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) --- test signal method --- virtual synchronous machine --- synchronous power controller --- power quality --- harmonics --- hybrid power quality compensation system --- the thyristor-controlled L and C-type filter (TCL-CTF) --- ancillary services --- HVDC systems --- loss management --- frequency control --- voltage and reactive power control --- black start --- congestion management --- distribution networks --- hybrid AC/DC networks --- power systems --- high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission --- HVDC systems based on voltage source converters (VSC-HVDC) --- multi-terminal --- transient stability --- control strategies --- communication latency --- power oscillations --- UPFC --- non-linear control --- neural network --- model reference control --- High voltage direct current (HVDC) --- continuous commutation failures --- DC blocking --- emergency power support --- stability

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Electric power systems are headed for a true changing of the guard, due to the urgent need for achieving sustainable energy delivery. Fortunately, the development of new technologies is driving the transition of power systems toward a carbon-free paradigm while maintaining the current standards of quality, efficiency, and resilience. The introduction of HVDC and FACTS in the 20th century, taking advantage of dramatic improvements in power electronics and control, gave rise to unprecedented levels of flexibility and speed of response in comparison with traditional electromechanical devices. This flexibility is nowadays required more than ever in order to solve a puzzle with pieces that do not always fit perfectly. This Special Issue aims to address the role that FACTS and HVDC systems can play in helping electric power systems face the challenges of the near future.

History of engineering & technology --- VSC-HVDC --- unbalanced grid conditions --- double frequency ripples --- power compensation --- passive-based control --- disturbance observer --- dynamic capacitor --- inductive unbalanced load --- reactive power compensation --- imbalance suppression --- compensation ability --- HVDC transmission --- hybrid multi-terminal HVDC --- LCC --- MTDC --- power system analysis --- VSC --- breakers --- hybrid DC circuit breaker --- fault current limiters --- non-superconducting fault current limiters --- current-limiting inductors --- voltage source converter --- FACTS --- grid services --- CHIL --- PHIL --- lab testing --- field testing --- standards --- STATCOM --- replica --- review --- korean power system --- subsynchronous resonance (SSR) --- synchronous voltage reversal (SVR) --- thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) --- test signal method --- virtual synchronous machine --- synchronous power controller --- power quality --- harmonics --- hybrid power quality compensation system --- the thyristor-controlled L and C-type filter (TCL-CTF) --- ancillary services --- HVDC systems --- loss management --- frequency control --- voltage and reactive power control --- black start --- congestion management --- distribution networks --- hybrid AC/DC networks --- power systems --- high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission --- HVDC systems based on voltage source converters (VSC-HVDC) --- multi-terminal --- transient stability --- control strategies --- communication latency --- power oscillations --- UPFC --- non-linear control --- neural network --- model reference control --- High voltage direct current (HVDC) --- continuous commutation failures --- DC blocking --- emergency power support --- stability