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Ahora bien, junto con las causas de deforestación expuestas concurre lo que estos autores reconocen como causas subyacentes de la deforestación, las cuales hacen referencia a los factores que refuerzan las causas directas e influyen o motivan las decisiones que toman los agentes de la deforestación, lo que explica porqué se presenta este fenómeno. Señalan que las causas subyacentes corresponden a factores demográficos; económicos y tecnológicos; políticos e institucionales; culturales y biofísicos, como, por ejemplo, la visión que tiene el agente sobre el bosque como factor cultural, siendo recurrente que exista "la falsa percepción de que la ruta hacía la obtención de un título de propiedad depende del porcentaje de bosque talado dentro de un terreno baldío" (González, Cubillos, Chadid et ál., 2018, p. 78). La magnitud de la problemática y el acelerado proceso de degradación explican los compromisos adquiridos por Colombia a nivel internacional y los planes, programas y políticas que se han implementado internamente, todos enfocados a un objetivo común: contrarrestar la deforestación y hacerle frente a los impactos que desprende. Resumidos por el Instituto Alexander von Humboldt y wwf (2019), entre estos impactos están la pérdida de biodiversidad y servicios ecosistémicos, alteración de ciclos hidrológicos, nutrientes y erosión del suelo; aumento de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y cambio climático; alteración del clima regional y local; y vulnerabilidad de la población y precarias condiciones de vida. A dichas consecuencias ambientales deben añadirse los impactos del narcotráfico sobre los bosques, que van más allá de las plantaciones: carreteras clandestinas, apertura de pistas de aterrizaje, actividades económicas como la tala y la ganadería para lavar dinero (El Tiempo, 2016), nuevos asentamientos y pobladores que detonan nuevos procesos de deforestación (Vélez, 2019) y el establecimiento de zonas de almacenamiento, procesamiento de hoja y alojamiento de jornaleros (González, Cubillos, Chadid et ál., 2018). Esto se agrava en términos culturales y ambientales cuando los cultivos tienen lugar en áreas de especial importancia ecológica y en territorios de grupos étnicos, situación que lamentablemente se presenta en grandes proporciones. Según lo señalando por el Ministerio de Ambiente y el Ideam (2018), el 15,8 % de los cultivos se encuentran en el Sistema de Áreas Protegidas, 53,4 % en territorio de los que son titulares los grupos étnicos y el 1,9 % bajo zonas de reserva campesina. Por su parte, la Oficina de Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito -unodc- indica que para el 2019 un total de 72 511 hectáreas se encontraban en zonas de manejo especial, de las cuales 24 856 hectáreas se ubicaron en tierras de comunidades negras (unodc y simci, 2020).

Law --- Degradación ambiental --- Minería --- Deforestación --- Legislación --- Cultivos ilícitos

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Agriculture --- Periodicals. --- Périodiques --- Agriculture. --- Colombia. --- Agriculture Sciences --- General and Others --- Agricultura --- Alimentación --- Desarrollo rural --- Cultivos --- Cambio climático --- agriculture --- climate change --- food --- rural development

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As the oldest and largest human intervention in nature, the science of agriculture is one of the most intensely studied practices. From manipulation of plant gene structure to the use of plants for bioenergy, biotechnology interventions in plant and agricultural science have been rapidly developing over the past ten years with immense forward leaps on an annual basis. This book begins by laying the foundations for plant biotechnology by outlining the biological aspects including gene structure and expression, and the basic procedures in plant biotechnology of genomics, metabolomics,

Agriculture. --- Biotechnology. --- Plant biotechnology. --- Ecofisiologia y Genómica del Estrés ambiental en Plantas (70745211) --- Cultivos in Vitro y Transformación Genética de Plantas (70982208) --- Mejora Biotecnológica de la Calidad Agroalimentaria (UAL) (70541221) --- Biotecnología de la Respuesta al Estrés (49154222) --- Sistemas Agrícolas (49154301) --- Bibliografía recomendada --- Bibliografía recomendada --- Plant biotechnology --- 66.098 --- Agro- en biotechnologie --- Biotechnologie --- Landbouw : biotechnologie --- Crop biotechnology --- Crops --- Plants --- Agricultural biotechnology --- Biotechnology --- Agricultural biotechnology.

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Mass Production of Beneficial Organisms: Invertebrates and Entomopathogens is an essential reference and teaching tool for researchers in developed and developing countries working to produce ""natural enemies"" in biological control and integrated pest management programs. As we become aware of the negative impact of pesticides in human health and on the environment, interest is rapidly increasing in developing biological pest control alternatives. Tremendous advances have been made in beneficial organism technology, such as insect predators and parasitoids, mite predators,

Biological pest control agents. --- Insect nematodes. --- Biotechnology. --- Pests --- Biological control. --- Bio-control of pests --- Biocontrol of pests --- Biological control of pests --- Biological pest control --- Entomogenous nematodes --- Entomopathogenic nematodes --- Entomophagous nematodes --- Entomophilic nematodes --- Insect-parasitic nematodes --- Biocontrol agents --- Biological agents for pest control --- Biological control agents --- Enemies of pests, Natural --- Natural enemies of pests --- Natural pest control agents --- Pest control agents, Biological --- Biological pest control agents --- Chemical engineering --- Genetic engineering --- Insects --- Nematodes --- Natural pesticides --- Control --- Parasites --- Pathogens --- Biological control --- Diagnóstico y Control biológico de Plagas en Cultivos protegidos (70784244) |x Bibliografía recomendada --- Biological pest control agents industry --- Beneficial insects. --- Insect pests --- Insect rearing. --- Mass production. --- Production control.

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For many years the use of chemical agents such as pesticides and herbicides has been effective in controlling the many varieties of pests that infest both agricultural crops and backyard gardens. However, these pests are gradually becoming resistant to these agents, because the agents themselves are acting as selective factors making the pests better and better able to resist and persist. As a result, the use of biological controlling agents is increasing. This book is a comprehensive and authoritative handbook of biological control.

Pests --- Biological pest control agents. --- Biological control. --- Plant and Crop Sciences Plant and Crop Protection -- Biological Control --- ALLW. --- Biologische bestrijding --- 632.937 --- Biological pest control agents --- Bio-control of pests --- Biocontrol of pests --- Biological control of pests --- Biological pest control --- Biocontrol agents --- Biological agents for pest control --- Biological control agents --- Enemies of pests, Natural --- Natural enemies of pests --- Natural pest control agents --- Pest control agents, Biological --- Natural pesticides --- Biological control --- Control --- Diagnóstico y Control biológico de Plagas en Cultivos protegidos (70784244) --- Bibliografía recomendada --- Pests - Biological control. --- Conflict management. --- Conflict management --- Pacific settlement of international disputes. --- Dispute settlement, Peaceful (International relations) --- Disputes, Pacific settlement of international --- International disputes, Pacific settlement of --- Pacific settlement of international disputes --- Peaceful dispute settlement (International relations) --- Peaceful settlement of international disputes --- PSD (Pacific settlement of international disputes) --- Settlement of international disputes, Pacific --- Dispute resolution (Law) --- International relations --- Conflict control --- Conflict resolution --- Dispute settlement --- Management of conflict --- Managing conflict --- Management --- Negotiation --- Problem solving --- Social conflict --- Crisis management --- International cooperation. --- Law and legislation --- Dispute resolution (International law) --- Pacific resolution of international disputes --- Peaceful dispute resolution (International relations) --- Peaceful resolution of international disputes --- Resolution of international disputes, Pacific --- International law