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This Story of a remarkable people, the Black Seminoles, and their charismatic leader, Chief John Horse, chronicles their heroic struggle for freedom. Beginning with the early 1800s, small groups of fugitive slaves living in Florida joined the Seminole Indians (an association that thrived for decades on reciprocal respect and affection). Kenneth Porter traces their fortunes and exploits as they moved across the country and attempted to live first beyond the law, then as loyal servants of it. He examines the Black Seminole role in the bloody Second Seminole War, when John Horse and his men distinguished themselves as fierce warriors, and their forced removal to the Oklahoma Indian Territory in the 1840s, where John's leadership ability emerged. The account includes the Black Seminole exodus in the 1850s to Mexico, their service as border troops for the Mexican government, and their return to Texas in the 1870s, where many of the men scouted for the U.S. Army. A powerful and stirring story, The Black Seminoles will appeal especially to readers interested in black history, Indian history, Florida history, and U.S. military history.

Black Seminoles --- Seminole Indians --- African Americans --- Gender & Ethnic Studies --- Social Sciences --- Ethnic & Race Studies --- African American Seminoles --- Black Seminole Indians --- Mascogos --- Seminole Indians, Black --- Ethnology --- Racially mixed people --- African American-Indian relations --- Indian-African American relations --- Indians of North America --- Negro-Indian relations --- Ex-slaves of Indian tribes --- History. --- Government relations. --- Social conditions. --- African influences. --- Relations with Indians. --- History --- Government relations --- Social conditions --- African influences --- Relations with Indians --- Mixed descent --- Relations with African Americans

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This work explores the dynamic issues of race and religion within the Cherokee Nation and to look at the role of secret societies in shaping these forces during the nineteenth century.

Cherokee Indians --- Secret societies --- African Americans --- Slavery --- Ex-slaves of Indian tribes --- Former slaves of Indian tribes --- Indian freedmen --- Freedmen --- Abolition of slavery --- Antislavery --- Enslavement --- Mui tsai --- Ownership of slaves --- Servitude --- Slave keeping --- Slave system --- Slaveholding --- Thralldom --- Crimes against humanity --- Serfdom --- Slaveholders --- Slaves --- African American-Indian relations --- Indian-African American relations --- Indians of North America --- Negro-Indian relations --- Fraternities --- Hazing --- Rites and ceremonies --- Ritual --- Societies --- Sociology --- Initiations (into trades, societies, etc.) --- Five Civilized Tribes --- Iroquoian Indians --- Societies, etc. --- Ethnic identity. --- History. --- Relations with Indians. --- Relations with Indians --- Relations with African Americans --- Keetoowah Society. --- Indian freed persons --- Freed persons --- Ani'-Yun'wiya' Indians --- Anigaduwagi Indians --- Anitsalagi Indians --- AniYunWiYa Indians --- Aniyvwiya Indians --- Keetoowah Indians --- Kituwah Indians --- Tsalagi Indians --- Tslagi Indians --- Enslaved persons --- Ex-enslaved persons --- Freed enslaved persons --- Freedpersons