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Aflatoxins are a group of polyketide mycotoxins that are produced during fungal development as secondary metabolites mainly by members of the fungal genus Aspergillus. Contamination of food, feed and agricultural commodities by aflatoxins impose an enormous economic concern, as these chemicals are highly carcinogenic, they can directly influence the structure of DNA, they can lead to fetal misdevelopment and miscarriages, and are known to suppress immune systems. In a global context, aflatoxin contamination is considered a perennial concern between the 35N and 35S latitude where developing countries are mainly situated. With expanding these boundaries, aflatoxins more and more become a problem in countries that previously did not have to worry about aflatoxin contamination. Given continuing the problems arise from aflatoxin contamination of food and agricultural commodities in the world, aflatoxins research becomes one of the most exciting and rapidly developing areas of microbial toxins with applications in many disciplines from medicine to agriculture. This research topic highlights the current knowledge on the global health issues of aflatoxins and aflatoxigenic fungi and covers all aspects of aflatoxin contamination of food and agricultural crops from epidemiology to molecular biology and management strategies. Research papers, case reports, reviews, perspectives and opinion papers on these themes are welcome.
Toxicology & Public Health --- Public Health --- Health & Biological Sciences --- genetic diversity --- Aspergillus flavus --- Genomics --- MicroRNAs --- Fungus host interactions --- biological control --- aflatoxin --- agricultural crops
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HUMANS --- MYCOTOXINS --- REGULATIONS --- FOOD --- QUALITY CONTROL --- CROPS --- CONTROL --- ANIMALS --- BIOLOGICAL ACTION --- ASSAYS --- CHEMISTRY --- STRUCTURES --- PRODUCTION --- OCCURENCE --- ISOLATION --- AFLATOXIN --- DISEASES --- DETOXIFICATION --- PROCESSING --- DETERIORATION --- PATHOLOGY --- DISTRIBUTION
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A compilation of 12 original research articles and a review on the development of instrumental and immunoanalytical methods for mycotoxins; on the enhancement of sample preparation and selection to improve method applicability; and on practical applications of analytical methods in laboratory fungal cultures, cereal and feed samples, surface water (as a novel matrix of mycotoxins as emerging surface water contaminants), and during mycotoxin decontamination by bacteria. Target analyte mycotoxins include aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, fumonisins, fusarenone-X, HT-2 toxins, nivalenol, ochratoxins, sterigmatocystin, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone.
Research & information: general --- aflatoxins --- laboratory culture --- extraction --- HPLC --- recovery --- detection limits --- frequency mixing technology --- immunofiltration --- magnetic beads --- mycotoxin --- type B trichothecenes --- modified mycotoxins --- isomer separation --- method validation --- ochratoxin A --- fluorescence --- G-quadruplex --- biosensor --- computation --- simulation --- mycotoxins --- feed --- modified QuEChERS --- LC-MS/MS --- zearalenone --- immunochromatographic assay --- semi-quantification --- quantification --- aflatoxin B1 --- sterigmatocystin --- lactobacilli --- mycotoxin binding --- detoxification --- lactic acid bacteria --- colorimetric detection --- rapid tests --- ELISA --- lateral flow assays --- microfluidics --- nano-materials --- food safety --- commercialization --- immunosensor --- optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy --- label-free detection --- planar waveguide sensor --- polarisation interferometer --- limit of detection --- competitive immunoassay --- fluorescence detection --- high-performance liquid chromatography --- total internal reflection ellipsometry --- aflatoxin --- chicken feed --- representative sampling --- improved aflatoxin test procedure --- validation --- n/a
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A compilation of 12 original research articles and a review on the development of instrumental and immunoanalytical methods for mycotoxins; on the enhancement of sample preparation and selection to improve method applicability; and on practical applications of analytical methods in laboratory fungal cultures, cereal and feed samples, surface water (as a novel matrix of mycotoxins as emerging surface water contaminants), and during mycotoxin decontamination by bacteria. Target analyte mycotoxins include aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, fumonisins, fusarenone-X, HT-2 toxins, nivalenol, ochratoxins, sterigmatocystin, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone.
aflatoxins --- laboratory culture --- extraction --- HPLC --- recovery --- detection limits --- frequency mixing technology --- immunofiltration --- magnetic beads --- mycotoxin --- type B trichothecenes --- modified mycotoxins --- isomer separation --- method validation --- ochratoxin A --- fluorescence --- G-quadruplex --- biosensor --- computation --- simulation --- mycotoxins --- feed --- modified QuEChERS --- LC-MS/MS --- zearalenone --- immunochromatographic assay --- semi-quantification --- quantification --- aflatoxin B1 --- sterigmatocystin --- lactobacilli --- mycotoxin binding --- detoxification --- lactic acid bacteria --- colorimetric detection --- rapid tests --- ELISA --- lateral flow assays --- microfluidics --- nano-materials --- food safety --- commercialization --- immunosensor --- optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy --- label-free detection --- planar waveguide sensor --- polarisation interferometer --- limit of detection --- competitive immunoassay --- fluorescence detection --- high-performance liquid chromatography --- total internal reflection ellipsometry --- aflatoxin --- chicken feed --- representative sampling --- improved aflatoxin test procedure --- validation --- n/a
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A compilation of 12 original research articles and a review on the development of instrumental and immunoanalytical methods for mycotoxins; on the enhancement of sample preparation and selection to improve method applicability; and on practical applications of analytical methods in laboratory fungal cultures, cereal and feed samples, surface water (as a novel matrix of mycotoxins as emerging surface water contaminants), and during mycotoxin decontamination by bacteria. Target analyte mycotoxins include aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, fumonisins, fusarenone-X, HT-2 toxins, nivalenol, ochratoxins, sterigmatocystin, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone.
Research & information: general --- aflatoxins --- laboratory culture --- extraction --- HPLC --- recovery --- detection limits --- frequency mixing technology --- immunofiltration --- magnetic beads --- mycotoxin --- type B trichothecenes --- modified mycotoxins --- isomer separation --- method validation --- ochratoxin A --- fluorescence --- G-quadruplex --- biosensor --- computation --- simulation --- mycotoxins --- feed --- modified QuEChERS --- LC-MS/MS --- zearalenone --- immunochromatographic assay --- semi-quantification --- quantification --- aflatoxin B1 --- sterigmatocystin --- lactobacilli --- mycotoxin binding --- detoxification --- lactic acid bacteria --- colorimetric detection --- rapid tests --- ELISA --- lateral flow assays --- microfluidics --- nano-materials --- food safety --- commercialization --- immunosensor --- optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy --- label-free detection --- planar waveguide sensor --- polarisation interferometer --- limit of detection --- competitive immunoassay --- fluorescence detection --- high-performance liquid chromatography --- total internal reflection ellipsometry --- aflatoxin --- chicken feed --- representative sampling --- improved aflatoxin test procedure --- validation
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This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue Promising Detoxification Strategies to Mitigate Mycotoxins in Food and Feed that was published in Toxins
Trichoderma --- n/a --- photodegradation product --- physical decontamination --- growth performance --- toxigenic Fusarium --- curcumin --- mitigation --- Aspergillus flavus --- food and beverage --- ascladiol --- biological control --- antioxidant capability --- trichothecene --- bioprospecting --- turkey --- processing --- chicks --- Sporobolomyces sp. IAM 13481 --- mycotoxins --- epimer --- Tri101 --- enzymes --- neutral electrolyzed water --- antioxidant function --- purification --- ameliorating effects --- aflatoxin-degrading enzyme --- chemical decontamination --- desoxypatulinic acid --- furan rings --- maize --- atmospheric pressure --- biotransformation --- estrogen receptor (ER) --- oxidative stress --- decontamination --- Bacillus shackletonii --- hyssop --- DBD --- degradation --- TQEF-MS/MS --- CYP450 --- enzymatic detoxification --- low temperature plasma --- Fusarium --- AFBO–DNA --- modified mycotoxin --- Bacillus subtilis ANSB060 --- polarity --- thermal treatment --- serum hormones --- mycotoxins mitigation --- mycotoxin --- zearalenone (ZEA) --- cell viability --- detoxification --- patulin --- biodegradation --- interactions --- intracellular and extracellular enzymes --- Bacillus licheniformis CK1 --- deoxynivalenol --- aflatoxins --- aflatoxin B1 --- biological decontamination --- Corylus avellana --- molecular --- Pichia caribbica --- mild technologies --- microbial patulin degradation --- enzyme --- proteomics --- fatty acids --- spores of Ganoderma lucidum --- inhibition --- residue --- food safety --- cold atmospheric pressure plasma technology --- application --- post-weaning female piglets --- laccase --- aflatoxin biodegradation preparation --- Aflatoxin B1 --- microorganism identification --- AFBO-DNA
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Mycotoxins are considered the most frequently occurring natural contaminants in human and animal diets. Considering their potential toxic and carcinogenic effects, mycotoxin exposure assessment has particular importance in the context of health risk assessment. The magnitude of a given exposure allows the derivation of the associated risk and the potential for the establishment of a disease. Although food ingestion is considered a major route of human exposure to mycotoxins, other contexts may also result in exposure, such as specific occupational environments where exposure to organic dust also occurs due to the handling of organic materials. Animals could be exposed to mycotoxins through consumption of contaminated feed, subsequently entering in the food chain and thus constituting a source of exposure to humans. Human biomonitoring is considered a new frontier for the establishment of the human internal exposure to mycotoxins. Although several studies have summarized the potential outcomes associated with mycotoxin exposure, major gaps in data remain in recognizing the mycotoxins that are the cause of diseases. This book contributes provides research that supports the anticipation of potential consequences of the exposure of humans and animals to mycotoxins, future risk assessments, and the establishment of preventive measures.
metagenomic sequencing --- total diet study --- risk assessment --- n/a --- lipids --- Poultry --- fumonisin B1 --- triiodothyronine --- Transcriptome --- Kashin-Beck disease --- phospholipids --- intestinal microbiome --- mycotoxin binding --- pre-pubertal gilts --- children --- Fusarium mycotoxins co-contamination --- food consumption --- urinary biomarkers --- mitigation --- Aflatoxin M1 --- HPLC analysis --- absorption --- liver --- Cecum --- limit of detection --- Cecal Tonsil --- yeast cell wall extracts --- modelling --- swine production --- Turkey --- Fab’ --- fumonisins --- blood serum --- broilers --- affinity --- microbiota --- asymmetric Mach–Zehnder interferometer --- biomonitoring --- zearalenone --- doses --- mycotoxins --- clinical chemistry --- histopathology --- HT-2 toxin --- occupational exposure --- Vietnam --- aflatoxin B1 --- piglet --- cytotoxicity --- public health --- ochratoxin A --- oxidation --- T-2 toxin --- RNAseq --- intestinal mycobiome --- optical biosensors --- modified HSCAS --- lab-on-chip --- Lactobacillus casei Shirota --- mycotoxins mixture --- feed prevalence and safety --- Aflatoxin B1 --- Alloprevotella --- Fab' --- asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer
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According to the presented studies, the health condition of animals in rearing and breeding should be regularly monitored. This would allow early detection of delicate deviations in the body of clinically healthy individuals. Unfortunately, regular monitoring of the health of animals in commercial production is not performed. It follows that this type of research should be an introduction to further, more inquisitive steps. This can form the basis for further courses of action, indicating which organs or tissues field doctors or researchers should be interested in and what to pay attention to in order to find the correct answer, concerning the situation in the animal body. In the future, we should determine biomedical markers for use in precision veterinary medicine. In human medicine, this has been practiced with great success. The problem, however, is that we are getting to know more and more substances produced by mold fungi. This causes a build-up of new interpretative problems, causing health conditions (diagnosis), as well as analytical problems. To fully understand the results we need new techniques to assess toxicological and chemical hazards, including those related to undesirable substances. We need a solid knowledge of the biological pathways underlying the toxicity and tolerance to interference factors toxicological processes. We hope that the presented study will allow for a better understanding of mycotoxicoses that bother us and our animals, which will allow for more effective preventive actions.
zearalenone --- low doses --- steroid hormones --- biotransformation --- pre-pubertal gilts --- modified mycotoxin --- co-occurrence --- corn silage --- CIEB --- WST-1 --- NR --- SRB --- sphingolipid metabolism --- Sa/So --- global survey --- finished pig feed --- emerging mycotoxins --- DON --- toxicity --- combined toxicity --- IPEC-1 --- deoxynivalenol --- IPEC-J2 --- cell damage --- NF-κB inflammatory signal pathway --- pet food --- Fusarium --- ergosterol --- mycotoxins --- trichothecenes --- fumonisin B1 --- HPLC --- bioavailability --- estradiol --- testosterone --- blood concentration --- dairy --- aflatoxin --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- aflatoxin M1 --- GALT --- oxidative stress --- cytokine --- metabolism --- Cordyceps fungi --- mass production --- biosynthetic gene cluster --- safety --- enteric nervous system --- gastrointestinal tract --- mammals --- animal pathology --- intestines --- toxins --- feed --- histology --- ultrastructure --- pig --- hepatocyte --- liver --- synbiotics --- turkeys --- intestinal microbiota --- fecal enzymes --- ochratoxin A --- n/a
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According to the presented studies, the health condition of animals in rearing and breeding should be regularly monitored. This would allow early detection of delicate deviations in the body of clinically healthy individuals. Unfortunately, regular monitoring of the health of animals in commercial production is not performed. It follows that this type of research should be an introduction to further, more inquisitive steps. This can form the basis for further courses of action, indicating which organs or tissues field doctors or researchers should be interested in and what to pay attention to in order to find the correct answer, concerning the situation in the animal body. In the future, we should determine biomedical markers for use in precision veterinary medicine. In human medicine, this has been practiced with great success. The problem, however, is that we are getting to know more and more substances produced by mold fungi. This causes a build-up of new interpretative problems, causing health conditions (diagnosis), as well as analytical problems. To fully understand the results we need new techniques to assess toxicological and chemical hazards, including those related to undesirable substances. We need a solid knowledge of the biological pathways underlying the toxicity and tolerance to interference factors toxicological processes. We hope that the presented study will allow for a better understanding of mycotoxicoses that bother us and our animals, which will allow for more effective preventive actions.
Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- zearalenone --- low doses --- steroid hormones --- biotransformation --- pre-pubertal gilts --- modified mycotoxin --- co-occurrence --- corn silage --- CIEB --- WST-1 --- NR --- SRB --- sphingolipid metabolism --- Sa/So --- global survey --- finished pig feed --- emerging mycotoxins --- DON --- toxicity --- combined toxicity --- IPEC-1 --- deoxynivalenol --- IPEC-J2 --- cell damage --- NF-κB inflammatory signal pathway --- pet food --- Fusarium --- ergosterol --- mycotoxins --- trichothecenes --- fumonisin B1 --- HPLC --- bioavailability --- estradiol --- testosterone --- blood concentration --- dairy --- aflatoxin --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- aflatoxin M1 --- GALT --- oxidative stress --- cytokine --- metabolism --- Cordyceps fungi --- mass production --- biosynthetic gene cluster --- safety --- enteric nervous system --- gastrointestinal tract --- mammals --- animal pathology --- intestines --- toxins --- feed --- histology --- ultrastructure --- pig --- hepatocyte --- liver --- synbiotics --- turkeys --- intestinal microbiota --- fecal enzymes --- ochratoxin A
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Contamination of foods and agricultural commodities by various types of toxigenic fungi is a concerning issue for human and animal health. Moulds naturally present in foods can produce mycotoxins and contaminate foodstuffs under favourable conditions of temperature, relative humidity, pH, and nutrient availability. Mycotoxins are, in general, stable molecules that are difficult to remove from foods once they have been produced. Therefore, the prevention of mycotoxin contamination is one of the main goals of the agriculture and food industries. Chemical control or decontamination techniques may be quite efficient; however, the more sustainable and restricted use of fungicides, the lack of efficiency in some foods, and the consumer demand for chemical-residue-free foods require new approaches to control this hazard. Therefore, food safety demands continued research efforts for exploring new strategies to reduce mycotoxin contamination. This Special Issue contains original contributions and reviews that advance the knowledge about the most current promising approaches to minimize mycotoxin contamination, including biological control agents, phytochemical antifungal compounds, enzyme detoxification, and the use of novel technologies.
n/a --- decontamination --- superheated steam --- quercetin glycosides --- antagonism --- mode of action --- corn --- Botrytis sp. --- AITC --- binding --- degradation --- brine shrimp bioassay --- apple pomace --- nanoparticles --- enzymatic detoxification --- Bacillus --- estrogen response element --- Fusarium --- biological detoxification --- abiotic factors --- stability --- fumonisin esterase FumD --- mycotoxigenic fungi --- Aspergillus flavus --- Aflatoxin M1 --- Fusarium graminearum --- milk --- Penicillium digitatum --- biocontrol agents --- biological control --- dry-cured ham --- mycotoxin reduction --- Fusarium sp. --- enzyme kinetics --- Penicillium nordicum --- Satureja montana --- roasted coffee --- fermentation --- crisp biscuit --- detoxification --- essential oils --- gene expression --- probiotics --- zearalenone --- mycotoxins --- degradation products --- Geothrichum citri-aurantii --- garlic-derived extracts --- Zearalenone --- biodegradation --- EU limits --- storage --- Origanum virens --- aflatoxin --- fungal growth reduction --- green chemistry --- Penicillium italicum --- deoxynivalenol --- ?-Fe2O3 --- ochratoxin A (OTA) --- wheat --- cell-free extracts of Aspergillus oryzae --- photocatalysis --- wheat quality --- post-harvest phytopathogen --- cold plasma --- pinnatifidanoside D --- ochratoxin A --- oats --- cell proliferation --- estrogen receptor --- Penicillium verrucosum --- pig production performance --- phloridzin --- maize --- biotransformation --- fumonisin --- fungi
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