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El Informe sobre el desarrollo mundial 2006 analiza la relacion entre la equidad y el desarrollo. El texto documenta la persistencia de las trampas de la desigualdad poniendo enfasis en la interaccion entre las distintas formas que asume este fenomeno. Ademas, demuestra que la desigualdad de oportunidades resultante es poco economica y contraria al desarrollo sostenible y a la reduccion de la pobreza. Tambien extrae implicaciones normativas que se centran en el concepto amplio de nivelar las condiciones tanto desde el punto de vista politico y economico como en el plano nacional y mundial. Se reconoce el valor intrinseco de la equidad, pero se apunta principalmente a documentar la importancia de centrarse en ella para alcanzar un desarrollo de largo aliento. El informe consta de tres partes: la primera recoge las pruebas de la desigualdad de oportunidades a escala nacional e internacional. La segunda parte plantea la interrogante sobre la equidad y analiza los dos canales de impacto (los efectos de la desigualdad de oportunidades cuando los mercados son imperfectos y las consecuencias de la inequidad para la calidad de las instituciones que desarrolla una sociedad) asi como las motivaciones intrinsecas. La tercera parte plantea de que manera las medidas publicas pueden nivelar las condiciones politicas y economicas. En el plano nacional, plantea la posibilidad de invertir en las personas, ampliar el acceso a justicia, tierra e infraestructura y a promover la justicia en los mercados. En el plano internacional, considera la nivelacion de condiciones en el funcionamiento de los mercados globales y en su regulacion y plantea la ayuda complementaria que se presta a los paises pobres y a los pobres para que aumenten su legado.

Abortion --- Absolute Inequality --- Absolute Poverty --- Access To Services --- Spanish Translation

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At the outset of China's reform period, the country had a far higher poverty rate than for Africa as a whole. Within five years that was no longer true. This paper tries to explain how China escaped from a situation in which extreme poverty persisted due to failed and unpopular policies. While acknowledging that Africa faces constraints that China did not, and that context matters, two lessons stand out. The first is the importance of productivity growth in smallholder agriculture, which will require both market-based incentives and public support. The second is the role played by strong leadership and a capable public administration at all levels of government.

Absolute Poverty --- Extreme Poverty --- Inequality --- National Poverty --- National Poverty Line --- Poor --- Poverty Line --- Poverty Rates --- Poverty Reduction --- Pro-Poor Growth --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Smallholder Agriculture

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The paper presents the first major update of the international "USD 1 a day" poverty line, first proposed in 1990 for measuring absolute poverty by the standards of the world's poorest countries. In a new data set of national poverty lines we find that a marked economic gradient only emerges when consumption per person is above about USD 2.00 a day at 2005 purchasing power parity. Below this, the average poverty line is USD 1.25, which we propose as the new international poverty line. Relative poverty appears to matter more to developing countries than has been thought. Our proposed schedule of relative poverty lines is bounded below by USD 1.25, and rises at a gradient of USD 1 in USD 3 when mean consumption is above USD 2.00 a day.

Absolute poverty --- Global poverty --- International poverty line --- National poverty --- National poverty lines --- Poor --- Poor countries --- Poor person --- Poverty line --- Poverty measurement --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction

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Relative deprivation, shame and social exclusion can matter to the welfare of people everywhere. The authors argue that such social effects on welfare call for a reconsideration of how we assess global poverty, but they do not support standard measures of relative poverty. The paper argues instead for using a weakly-relative measure as the upper-bound complement to the lower-bound provided by a standard absolute measure. New estimates of global poverty are presented, drawing on 850 household surveys spanning 125 countries over 1981-2008. The absolute line is USD 1.25 a day at 2005 prices, while the relative line rises with the mean, at a gradient of 1:2 above USD 1.25 a day. The authors show that these parameter choices are consistent with cross-country data on national poverty lines. The results indicate that the incidence of both absolute and weakly-relative poverty in the developing world has been falling since the 1990s, but more slowly for the relative measure. While the number of absolutely poor has fallen, the number of relatively poor has changed little since the 1990s, and is higher in 2008 than 1981.

Absolute poverty --- Achieving Shared Growth --- Global poverty --- Inequality --- Poverty Reduction --- Regional Economic Development --- Relative poverty --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Services & Transfers to Poor --- Social Development

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This paper analyzes poverty in Haiti based on the first Living Conditions Survey of 7,186 households covering the whole country and representative at the regional level. Using a USD 1 a day extreme poverty line, the analysis reveals that 49 percent of Haitian households live in absolute poverty. Twenty, 56, and 58 percent of households in metropolitan, urban, and rural areas, respectively, are poor. At the regional level, poverty is especially extensive in the northeastern and northwestern regions. Access to assets such as education and infrastructure services is highly unequal and strongly correlated with poverty. Moreover, children in indigent households attain less education than children in nonpoor households. Controlling for individual and household characteristics, location, and region, living in a rural area does not by itself affect the probability of being poor. But in rural areas female headed households are more likely to experience poverty than male headed households. Domestic migration and education are both key factors that reduce the likelihood of falling into poverty. Employment is essential to improve livelihoods and both the farm and nonfarm sector play a key role.

Absolute poverty --- Agricultural development --- Extreme poverty --- Extreme poverty line --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Household Survey --- Poor --- Population Policies --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural --- Rural area --- Rural areas --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction