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"AI and the Technological Singularity: A Fallacy or a Great Opportunity" is a collection of essays that addresses the question of whether the technological singularity—the notion that AI-based computers can program the next generation of AI-based computers until a singularity is achieved, where an AI-based computer can exceed human intelligence—is a fallacy or a great opportunity. The group of scholars that address this question have a variety of positions on the singularity, ranging from advocates to skeptics. No conclusion can be reached, as the development of artificial intelligence is still in its infancy, and there is much wishful thinking and imagination in this issue rather than trustworthy data. The reader will find a cogent summary of the issues faced by researchers who are working to develop the field of artificial intelligence and, in particular, artificial general intelligence. The only conclusion that can be reached is that there exists a variety of well-argued positions as to where AI research is headed.

Information technology industries --- technological Singularity --- intelligence --- emotion --- artificial general intelligence --- artificial intelligence --- computer --- logic --- figure/ground --- computers --- consciousness --- singularity --- self --- futures --- technological singularity --- philosophy --- cosmic evolution --- anthropology --- technical singularity --- non-axiomatic reasoning system --- metasystem transitions --- patterns --- patterning --- cognition --- set theory --- language --- information --- abductive reasoning --- futurism and futurology --- hard science fiction --- models of consciousness --- intelligent machines --- machine replication --- machine evolution and optimization --- Turing test --- embodiment --- competition --- cooperation --- self-organization --- robots --- heterogeneity --- team sports --- artificial intelligence (AI) --- automated journalism --- robo-journalism --- writing algorithms --- future of news --- media ecology --- autogenous intelligence --- bootstrap fallacy --- recursive self-improvement --- self-modifying software --- superintelligence --- skepticism --- cyborg --- evolution --- love --- misinformation --- Technological Singularity --- Accelerated Change --- Artificial (General) Intelligence --- apophenia --- pareidolia --- complexity --- research focused social network --- networked minds --- complexity break --- complexity fallacy --- philosophy of information --- machine learning --- information quality --- information friction --- Artificial Intelligence (AI) --- Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) --- Artificial Social Intelligence (ASI) --- social sciences --- embodied cognition --- value alignment --- experience --- phenomenal consciousness --- access consciousness --- percept --- concept --- deep neural networks --- meaning --- understanding --- Singularity --- intuition --- wisdom

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"AI and the Technological Singularity: A Fallacy or a Great Opportunity" is a collection of essays that addresses the question of whether the technological singularity—the notion that AI-based computers can program the next generation of AI-based computers until a singularity is achieved, where an AI-based computer can exceed human intelligence—is a fallacy or a great opportunity. The group of scholars that address this question have a variety of positions on the singularity, ranging from advocates to skeptics. No conclusion can be reached, as the development of artificial intelligence is still in its infancy, and there is much wishful thinking and imagination in this issue rather than trustworthy data. The reader will find a cogent summary of the issues faced by researchers who are working to develop the field of artificial intelligence and, in particular, artificial general intelligence. The only conclusion that can be reached is that there exists a variety of well-argued positions as to where AI research is headed.

technological Singularity --- intelligence --- emotion --- artificial general intelligence --- artificial intelligence --- computer --- logic --- figure/ground --- computers --- consciousness --- singularity --- self --- futures --- technological singularity --- philosophy --- cosmic evolution --- anthropology --- technical singularity --- non-axiomatic reasoning system --- metasystem transitions --- patterns --- patterning --- cognition --- set theory --- language --- information --- abductive reasoning --- futurism and futurology --- hard science fiction --- models of consciousness --- intelligent machines --- machine replication --- machine evolution and optimization --- Turing test --- embodiment --- competition --- cooperation --- self-organization --- robots --- heterogeneity --- team sports --- artificial intelligence (AI) --- automated journalism --- robo-journalism --- writing algorithms --- future of news --- media ecology --- autogenous intelligence --- bootstrap fallacy --- recursive self-improvement --- self-modifying software --- superintelligence --- skepticism --- cyborg --- evolution --- love --- misinformation --- Technological Singularity --- Accelerated Change --- Artificial (General) Intelligence --- apophenia --- pareidolia --- complexity --- research focused social network --- networked minds --- complexity break --- complexity fallacy --- philosophy of information --- machine learning --- information quality --- information friction --- Artificial Intelligence (AI) --- Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) --- Artificial Social Intelligence (ASI) --- social sciences --- embodied cognition --- value alignment --- experience --- phenomenal consciousness --- access consciousness --- percept --- concept --- deep neural networks --- meaning --- understanding --- Singularity --- intuition --- wisdom

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This book is a reprint of the Special Issue "Scientific Reasoning in Science Education: From Global Measures to Fine-Grained Descriptions of Students’ Competencies" published in the journal Education Sciences. It compiles all manuscripts of the special issue.

Humanities --- Education --- scientific reasoning --- primary education --- individual differences --- cognition --- assessment --- item features --- item difficulty --- abductive reasoning --- models --- modeling --- model construction --- model application --- modeling competence --- scientific inquiry --- science education --- chemistry --- teacher education --- argumentation --- reasoning --- justifications --- socioscientific issues --- societally denied science --- controversial science issues --- science communication --- nature of science --- preservice teachers --- longitudinal study --- cross-lagged panel --- explanations --- drawings --- earthquakes --- modelling competence --- chemical education --- epistemic cognition --- science discussions --- Quality Talk --- professional knowledge --- scientific reasoning skills --- self-efficacy --- students' difficulties --- diagnostic competencies --- anomalous data --- balance of nature metaphor --- science teacher education --- pre-service teachers --- person-centered statistical analyses --- latent class analysis --- biological reasoning --- three-tiered assessment --- Assessment of Biological Reasoning --- data reasoning --- statistics education --- numerical cognition --- cognitive development --- number sense --- models and modeling --- philosophy of science

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A spellbinding look at the philosophical and moral implications of animal dreamingAre humans the only dreamers on Earth? What goes on in the minds of animals when they sleep? When Animals Dream brings together behavioral and neuroscientific research on animal sleep with philosophical theories of dreaming. It shows that dreams provide an invaluable window into the cognitive and emotional lives of nonhuman animals, giving us access to a seemingly inaccessible realm of animal experience.David Peña-Guzmán uncovers evidence of animal dreaming throughout the scientific literature, suggesting that many animals run "reality simulations" while asleep, with a dream-ego moving through a dynamic and coherent dreamscape. He builds a convincing case for animals as conscious beings and examines the thorny scientific, philosophical, and ethical questions it raises. Once we accept that animals dream, we incur a host of moral obligations and have no choice but to rethink our views about who animals are and the interior lives they lead.A mesmerizing journey into the otherworldly domain of nonhuman consciousness, When Animals Dream carries profound implications for contemporary debates about animal cognition, animal ethics, and animal rights, challenging us to regard animals as beings who matter, and for whom things matter.

Consciousness in animals. --- Animal rights --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Abductive reasoning. --- Activation. --- Affair. --- Algorithm. --- American Psychological Association. --- Ammunition. --- Amygdala. --- Animal Dreams. --- Animal cognition. --- Animal consciousness. --- Animal rights. --- Augustine of Hippo. --- BDSM. --- Behavior. --- Bessel van der Kolk. --- Bioethics. --- Body schema. --- Boris Cyrulnik. --- Brainstem. --- Chimpanzee. --- Cognition. --- Cognitive map. --- Concept learning. --- Consciousness. --- Dan Zahavi. --- Daydream. --- Delusion. --- Descartes' Error. --- Diaphragmatic breathing. --- Disinhibition. --- Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. --- Dream world (plot device). --- Edmund Husserl. --- Elaboration. --- Emotion. --- Empathy. --- Epilogue. --- Existence. --- Existentialism. --- Explanation. --- Facial expression. --- Facial muscles. --- Feeling. --- Gaston Bachelard. --- Hallucination. --- Heat exhaustion. --- Henry David Thoreau. --- Human science. --- Imagination. --- Insomnia. --- Instance (computer science). --- Intentionality. --- Ipso facto. --- Isolation tank. --- Jean-Paul Sartre. --- John Searle. --- John Stuart Mill. --- Kantianism. --- Lucid dream. --- Maurice Merleau-Ponty. --- Mental representation. --- Metacognition. --- Morality. --- Natural science. --- Ned Block. --- Neuron. --- Persistent vegetative state. --- Phenomenology (psychology). --- Phenomenon. --- Philosopher. --- Philosophy of mind. --- Philosophy of science. --- Philosophy. --- Physical property. --- Posterior cingulate. --- Posttraumatic stress disorder. --- Prima facie. --- Proverb. --- Psychiatry. --- Pyramidal cell. --- Qualia. --- Rapid eye movement sleep. --- Rationality. --- Reality. --- Self-actualization. --- Self-concept. --- Self-control. --- Sleep. --- Social engagement. --- Spatial memory. --- State of affairs (philosophy). --- Subjective consciousness. --- The Interpretation of Dreams. --- Theory. --- Thought. --- Uniqueness. --- University College London. --- Value theory. --- Victorian era. --- Zoology.