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"Zoroastrianism was the religion of the ancient Persian kings and following the Arab conquest, it remained the religion of a significant portion of the population in Iran and parts of Central Asia. This book investigates the most important polemical treatise in the Zoroastrian tradition, the Skand Gumanig-Wizar ("The Doubt-Dispelling Disquisition"), which was written by the theologian and philosopher Mardanfarrox son of Ohrmazddad. The text was composed in the ninth or tenth centuries in a language known as Middle Persian. A sophisticated work of rationalist theology, the Skand Gumanig-Wizar systematically critiques several rival religions of the late antique and early medieval Middle East, including Islam. The critique of Islam found in chapters 11 and 12 is the only sustained, systematic polemic against Islam in premodern Zoroastrian literature, one that attacks monotheism by focusing on the problem of evil. The text is of fundamental importance for understanding Iran's transformation from a predominantly Zoroastrian society to a predominantly Muslim one during the early Middle Ages. This is the first book devoted to the Islamic sections of the Skand Gumanig-Wizar. It provides a new translation and commentary of these important sections along with introductory chapters that explore Zoroastrians' relationship with other religions in Late Antiquity and the early Islamic period; Mardanfarrox's intellectual milieu (especially the influence of Islamic theology and interreligious debates); and the history of Zoroastrian polemics against Islam." --

Islam --- Zoroastrianism --- Controversial literature --- Mardān Farrukh. --- Islam. --- Zoroastrianism. --- Zoroastrisme --- Relations --- Mardān Farrukh. --- Abbasid Caliphate. --- Abbasid Caliphate

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Many of the leading philosophers in the Islamic world were doctors, yielding extensive links between philosophy and medicine. The twelve papers in this volume explore these links, focusing on the classical or formative period (up to the eleventh century AD). One central theme is the Arabic reception of the two outstanding figures of Greek medicine, Hippocrates and Galen ? we learn how Hippocrates was made into a mouthpiece for ethical wisdom, and how Galen influenced ideas in ethics and the nature of plant life. Aristotle is also considered, with a study of the reception of his ideas on longevity. Several of the luminaries of philosophy in the early Islamic world are also studied, including Abu Bakr al-Razi, al-Farabi, and Avicenna: all of them deploy medical ideas in their philosophical writings, whether to treat emotional distress as a kind of illness, to explain the function of eyesight, to compare the well-functioning state to the healthy human body, or to draw on anatomical ideas in works on psychology. Conversely, the volume also includes research on the use of philosophical ideas in medical texts, including medical compendia and the works of 'Ali ibn Ridwan. Attention is also given to the connections between medicine and Islamic theology (kalam). As a whole, the book provides both a survey of the kinds of work being done in this relatively unexplored area, and a springboard for further research.

Medicine --- Religious aspects --- Islam --- History --- Philosophy --- Islam. --- Médicine --- Philosophy, Medical --- Religion and Medicine. --- Philosophy. --- Aspect religieux --- Histoire --- Philosophie --- History. --- To 1500. --- Abbasid Caliphate (historical region). --- Rashidun Caliphate (former nation/state/empire). --- Umayyad Caliphate (former nation/state/empire). --- Medicine - Religious aspects - Islam - History - To 1500 --- Medicine - Philosophy - History - To 1500

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In this book Juan R. I. Cole challenges traditional elite-centered conceptions of the conflict that led to the British occupation of Egypt in September 1882. For a year before the British intervened, Egypt's viceregal government and the country's influential European community had been locked in a struggle with the nationalist supporters of General Ahmad al-`Urabi. Although most Western observers still see the `Urabi movement as a "revolt" of junior military officers with only limited support among the Egyptian people, Cole maintains that it was a broadly based social revolution hardly underway when it was cut off by the British. While arguing this fresh point of view, he also proposes a theory of revolutions against informal or neocolonial empires, drawing parallels between Egypt in 1882, the Boxer Rebellion in China, and the Islamic Revolution in modern Iran. In a thorough examination of the changing Egyptian political culture from 1858 through the `Urabi episode, Cole shows how various social strata--urban guilds, the intelligentsia, and village notables--became "revolutionary." Addressing issues raised by such scholars as Barrington Moore and Theda Skocpol, his book combines four complementary approaches: social structure and its socioeconomic context, organization, ideology, and the ways in which unexpected conjunctures of events help drive a revolution.

Social classes --- Class distinction --- Classes, Social --- Rank --- Caste --- Estates (Social orders) --- Social status --- Class consciousness --- Classism --- Social stratification --- History --- ʻUrābī, Aḥmad, --- Egypt --- Aḥmad ʻArābī, --- Aḥmad ʻIrābī, --- Aḥmad ʻUrābī, --- ʻArābī, Aḥmad, --- ʻArabi Pasha, --- ʻIrābī, Aḥmad, --- Ourabi, Ahmad, --- Ourabi, Ahmed, --- ʻUrābī Pasha, --- أحمد عرابي --- عرابي، أحمد، --- عرابي، احمد --- عرابي، احمد، --- عرابى، أحمد، --- History of Africa --- anno 1800-1899 --- Abbasid Caliphate. --- Activism. --- Al-Ahram. --- Al-Mahdi. --- Algerian War. --- Ancien Régime. --- Anti-imperialism. --- Arabization. --- Banditry. --- Before the Revolution. --- Bourgeoisie. --- British Empire. --- Bureaucrat. --- Byzantine Empire. --- Caliphate. --- Capitalism. --- Censorship. --- Central Asia. --- Circassians. --- Colonialism. --- Conspiracy theory. --- Constitutionalist (UK). --- Corporatism. --- Counter-revolutionary. --- Decolonization. --- Despotism. --- Economic interventionism. --- Education in Egypt. --- Egyptian Government. --- Egyptian crisis (2011–14). --- Egyptian law. --- Egyptians. --- Elie Kedourie. --- Emir. --- English Revolution. --- Expansionism. --- Expatriate. --- Extraterritoriality. --- Foreign policy of the United States. --- From Time Immemorial. --- Ideology. --- Imperial Ambitions. --- Imperialism. --- Indian Rebellion of 1857. --- Infant industry. --- Insurgency. --- Intelligentsia. --- International relations. --- Iranian Revolution. --- Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani. --- Jingoism. --- Khedive. --- Labor aristocracy. --- Liberalism (book). --- Liberalism. --- Loan shark. --- Mercantilism. --- Middle East. --- Mirrors for princes. --- Nativism (politics). --- Neocolonialism. --- New Political Economy (journal). --- Newspaper. --- On Revolution. --- Orientalism. --- Ottoman Empire. --- Pan-Islamism. --- Peasant. --- Pogrom. --- Political revolution. --- Politics. --- Poll tax. --- Populism. --- Radicalism (historical). --- Reformism. --- Revolution. --- Revolutionary movement. --- Ruhollah Khomeini. --- Salman Rushdie. --- Sayyid. --- Secularization. --- Social revolution. --- State within a state. --- States and Social Revolutions. --- Subaltern (postcolonialism). --- Suez Canal Company. --- Suez Crisis. --- Tanzimat. --- Tax collector. --- Tax. --- The Imperialism of Free Trade. --- Tyrant. --- Upper Egypt. --- Urban riots. --- Use tax. --- Usury. --- Warfare. --- Westernization. --- Young Turk Revolution. --- Zoroaster. --- Urabi, Ahmad,

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Waqfs, or religious endowments, have long been at the very center of daily Islamic life, establishing religious, cultural, and welfare institutions and serving as a legal means to keep family property intact through several generations. In this book R. D. McChesney focuses on the major Muslim shrine at Balkh--once a flourishing city on an ancient trade route in what is now northern Afghanistan--and provides a detailed study of the political, economic, and social conditions that influenced, and were influenced by, the development of a single religious endowment. From its founding in 1480 until 1889, when the Afghan government took control of it, the waqf at Balkh was a formidable economic force in a financially dynamic region, particularly during those times when the endowment's sacred character and the tax privileges it acquired gave its managers considerable financial security. This study sheds new light on the legal institution of waqf within Muslim society and on how political conditions affected the development of socio-religious institutions throughout Central Asia over a period of four hundred years.Originally published in 1991.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Charitable uses, trusts, and foundations --- Islamic shrines --- Fondations (Droit) --- History --- Histoire --- Mazar-e Sharif (Afghanistan) --- Mazare e Sharif (Afghanistan) --- History. --- Mazār-i Sharīf (Afghanistan) --- Muslim shrines --- Shrines --- Charitable remainder trusts --- Donations --- Endowments --- Charities --- Charity laws and legislation --- Juristic persons --- Trusts and trustees --- Uses (Law) --- Charitable bequests --- Law and legislation --- Mazār-e Sharīf (Afghanistan) --- Mazār-e Sharīf, Afghanistan --- Mazār Sharīf (Afghanistan) --- Mazari Sharif (Afghanistan) --- Abbasid Caliphate. --- Abd Al-Rahman. --- Abd al-Mu'min. --- Abu Bakr. --- Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib. --- Abu Yazid. --- Abu Yusuf. --- Abu'l-Khayr Khan. --- Ahab. --- Ahl al-Bayt. --- Ahmad Shah. --- Al-Ghazali. --- Al-Qastallani. --- Al-Shahrastani. --- Ali Mardan Khan. --- Appanage. --- Aqsaqal. --- Ardabil. --- Ashraf Ghani. --- Atabeg. --- Badakhshan. --- Bahram (Shahnameh). --- Balkh. --- Banna'i. --- Battle of Khaybar. --- Bayazid Bastami. --- Bukhara. --- Caliphate. --- Central Asia. --- Central Authority. --- Dastur al-Muluk. --- Deployment plan. --- Dushanbe. --- Emirate. --- Foreign policy. --- Hanafi. --- Hegira. --- Herat. --- Hulagu Khan. --- Ibn Battuta. --- Ishmael in Islam. --- Iskandar (Timurid dynasty). --- Islam. --- Islamic culture. --- Islamic state. --- Ja'far al-Sadiq. --- Kandahar. --- Karbala. --- Kashgar. --- Khagan. --- Khan (title). --- Khanate. --- Khaybar. --- Khoja (Turkestan). --- Kipchaks. --- Majlis. --- Maoism. --- Mazar-i-Sharif. --- Mihrab. --- Mufti. --- Muhammad Akram. --- Muhammad Ishaq. --- Muhammad Khan (Ilkhan). --- Muhammad Salih. --- Muhammad al-Baqir. --- Muhammad al-Shaybani. --- Muhammad of Ghor. --- Mukhayriq. --- Murad Bakhsh. --- Naqshbandi. --- Oedipus complex. --- Qadi. --- Rabi' al-awwal. --- Rustam (Haqqani network). --- Safavid dynasty. --- Sahabah. --- Samarkand. --- Sayyid. --- Shafi'i. --- Shah Jahan. --- Shahnameh. --- Shahrbanu. --- Shams al-Din Muhammad. --- Sheikh. --- Shia Islam. --- Shrine of Ali. --- Sufism. --- Syncretism. --- Tariqa. --- Timur. --- Transoxiana. --- Turkistan (city). --- Umayyad Caliphate. --- Uthman. --- Uzbek language. --- Uzbeks. --- Waqf. --- Yaqut al-Hamawi. --- Zaidiyyah. --- Zakat. --- Mazar-i Sharif (Afghanistan)

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Art historians have often minimized the variety and complexity of seventeenth-century Spanish painting by concentrating on individual artists and their works and by stressing discovery of new information rather than interpretation. As a consequence, the painter emerges in isolation from the forces that shaped his work. Jonathan Brown offers another approach to the subject by relating important Spanish Baroque paintings and painters to their cultural milieu.A critical survey of the historiography of seventeenth-century Spanish painting introduces this two-part collection of essays. Part One provides the most detailed study to date of the artistic-literary academy of Francisco Pacheco, and Part Two contains original studies of four major painters and their works: Las Meninas of Velázquez, Zurbarán's decoration of the sacristy at Guadalupe, and the work by Murillo and Valdés Leal for the Brotherhood of Charity, Seville. The essays are unified by the author's intention to show how the artists interacted with and responded to the prevailing social, theological, and historical currents of the time. While this contextual approach is not uncommon in the study of European art, it is newly applied here to restore some of the diversity and substance that Spanish Baroque painting originally possessed.

Art. --- Art and society. --- Art --- Art and sociology --- Society and art --- Sociology and art --- Art, Occidental --- Art, Primitive --- Art, Visual --- Art, Western (Western countries) --- Arts, Fine --- Arts, Visual --- Fine arts --- Iconography --- Occidental art --- Visual arts --- Western art (Western countries) --- Arts --- Aesthetics --- Social aspects --- Catholic Church --- Church of Rome --- Roman Catholic Church --- Katholische Kirche --- Katolyt︠s︡ʹka t︠s︡erkva --- Römisch-Katholische Kirche --- Römische Kirche --- Ecclesia Catholica --- Eglise catholique --- Eglise catholique-romaine --- Katolicheskai︠a︡ t︠s︡erkovʹ --- Chiesa cattolica --- Iglesia Católica --- Kościół Katolicki --- Katolicki Kościół --- Kościół Rzymskokatolicki --- Nihon Katorikku Kyōkai --- Katholikē Ekklēsia --- Gereja Katolik --- Kenesiyah ha-Ḳatolit --- Kanisa Katoliki --- כנסיה הקתולית --- כנסייה הקתולית --- 가톨릭교 --- 천주교 --- Abbasid Caliphate. --- Alonso Berruguete. --- Altarpiece. --- Angelo Nardi (painter). --- Antonio Mohedano. --- Antonio de Pereda. --- Apollo and Daphne (Bernini). --- Art history. --- Arte. --- Baroque painting. --- Bartolomé de las Casas. --- Benito Arias Montano. --- Caravaggio. --- Carthusians. --- Castile (historical region). --- Catholic Monarchs. --- Chapel of St. Jerome. --- Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. --- Church Fathers. --- Cimabue. --- Classical mythology. --- Comedia (Spanish play). --- Council of Trent. --- Counter-Reformation. --- Court painter. --- Crown of Castile. --- Diego Velázquez. --- Discalced Carmelites. --- Don Juan Tenorio. --- El Greco. --- Erudition. --- Fernando de Herrera. --- Francisco Pacheco. --- Francisco de Borja. --- Francisco de Rioja. --- Friar. --- Garcilaso de la Vega (poet). --- Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos. --- Genre painting. --- Georges de La Tour. --- Gian Lorenzo Bernini. --- Giovanni Baglione. --- Giovanni Battista Crescenzi. --- Gustave Courbet. --- Hieronymites. --- Iconography. --- Ignatius of Loyola. --- Illusionism (art). --- Impressionism. --- In Ictu Oculi. --- Jan van Eyck. --- Juan de Mal Lara. --- Juan de las Roelas. --- Jusepe de Ribera. --- Las Hilanderas (Velázquez). --- Las Meninas. --- Literature. --- Marsilio Ficino. --- Masaccio. --- Matthew 25. --- Military order (monastic society). --- Museo del Prado. --- Order of Santiago. --- Our Lady of Guadalupe. --- Painting. --- Parmigianino. --- Pietro da Cortona. --- Poetic diction. --- Poetry. --- Protestantism. --- Putto. --- Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando. --- Real Academia de la Historia. --- Religious art. --- Renaissance art. --- Sacristy. --- Saint Christopher. --- Santa Hermandad. --- Santa Trinita. --- Scholasticism. --- Seville Cathedral. --- Shakespeare's sonnets. --- Society of Jesus. --- Spain. --- Spanish Empire. --- Spanish Golden Age. --- Spanish art. --- Spanish nobility. --- Susanna (Book of Daniel). --- Teresa of Ávila. --- The Art of Painting. --- The Battle of Lepanto (Luna painting). --- The Dissertation. --- The Poetaster. --- The Return of the Prodigal Son (Rembrandt). --- Theory of painting. --- Tintoretto. --- Titian. --- University of Salamanca. --- Ut pictura poesis.