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With this master thesis a contribution is made to expand the research field of peacemaking and address a research gap. Peacemaking is a common phenomenon both in teams and in families, and among friends, however, this phenomenon has hardly received attention in literature. Therefore, this thesis wants to focus on studying peacemaking in the context of work and compare this to the context of private life. By doing so we want to make a start for opening new insights, motives and experiences of peacemaking in different context. The focus of this master thesis lies in comparing the concept of peacemaking in both work and private context. Three research questions where drawn up based upon the available literature, personal interest and academic relevance: (1) Why do people act as a peacemaker in work and private context? (2) Is there a difference between the specific peacemaking behaviors used in work and private context? (3) What is the role of interpersonal relationship distance in the use of specific peacemaking behaviors in work and private context? To formulate answers to these questions a dataset of 48 personal peacemaking stories was collected. These stories where processed and analyzed with thematic analysis. The findings show an overall tendency that the difference between peacemaking at work and in private life is mainly driven by the difference in relationship strength. The close relationship that family and good friends share, creates a climate with high psychological safety which encourages the peacemakers to interpersonal risk taking when solving or de-escalating a conflict.

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Oral implants are titanium screw-shaped devices that are inserted in jaw bone to support a dental prosthesis. Osseointegration is required for their clinical success and implies direct bone apposition onto the implant.Despite high success rates of more than 90% after 15-years of follow-up, implants failures can occur in case of unfavorable conditions (e.g. compromised host bone, compromised blood circulation, low bone quantity, etc.).Instead of delaying the loading, there is currently a trend to functionally load implants immediately or early after implantation in order to limit the period of discomfort for the patients. Those faster loading protocols also lead to satisfactory success rates, but cannot yet predictably be applied in all clinical situations (e.g. low primary implant stability, low bone quality, etc.).Hence, it would be valuable to find a way to improve the reliability and speed, of implant osseointegration in order to optimize treatment outcomes also in compromised bone conditions. Mechanical loading is known to play a potent role in bone regeneration and adaptation. Recently, the interest in high-frequency mechanical loading, associated with low loading magnitude grows. Indeed, an increasing number of studies have shown their effect on enhancing bone formation in distraction osteogenesis and fracture healing of long bone. Clinical studies have shown an improvement of bone quality in both healthy and jeopardized conditions, such as in osteoporosis.The overall objective of this PhD research was to investigate the effect of mechanical loading, in particular high-frequency loading, on peri-implant bone healing and remodelling. More specifically, the tissue response under different loading frequencies/magnitudes or loading modes has been assessed.To investigate the response of healing versus healed peri-implant tissue to mechanical loading, the same loading was applied onto implants either immediately after implant insertion (immediate loading group) or after a healing time of 28 days (conventional loading group). Bone (re)modelling and vascularization in the peri-implant tissues were unaffected by both loading regimes. In the tissues of the implant’s vicinity, however, the observed gene expression changes were different in case of immediate versus conventional loading. Also an enhanced bone-to-implant contact was observed when loading was initiated immediately after implant insertion.In the following experiments, the effect of different immediate loading regimes was evaluated. The tested loading regimes differed in loading magnitude, frequency, duration, and mode (whole body vibration, direct and indirect implant loading).First, three consecutive experiments were performed to assess the effect of indirect high-frequency loading, via whole body vibration, on peri-implant bone remodelling. Both bone-to-implant contact and peri-implant bone density were significantly improved by the loading with a step-wise frequency band from 12 to 150 Hz at 0.3 g for around 10 min /day.When the loading session was shortened to 1 min 15 sec, 2 min 30 sec, 5 min and twice 1 min 15 sec (with 4 h interval) respectively, the improvements of bone-to-implant contact and peri-implant bone density were still significant, compared to the unloaded controls. Among the tested loading sessions, the loading with a load-free interval presented the highest gain of peri-implant bone.To investigate the optimized frequency and acceleration of whole body vibration, the vibration protocols of different combinations of loading frequency and acceleration were applied. For all combinations (i.e. 12-30 Hz at 0.3 g, 70-90 Hz at 0.3 g, 70-90 Hz at 0.075 g, 130-150 Hz at 0.3 g, and 130-150 Hz at 0.043 g), the loading combination with the highest frequency band and acceleration (e.g. 130-150 Hz at 0.3g) displayed the most favorable effect on BIC and BF, compared to the other test groups.Second, besides whole body vibration, another indirect loading protocol was performed thereby compressing an implant-containing long bone through its axis. The controlled compression was applied at both high- and low-frequency. Higher loading magnitudes (and accompanying elevated tissue strains) were required under low-frequency loading to provoke a positive peri-implant bone response, compared to high-frequency loading. A sustained period of loading at high-frequency was needed to induce overall enhanced effect on the peri-implant bone.After that, two studies were carried out to assess the effect of direct loading on peri-implant bone remodelling. In the first study, a small vibration motor was attached on the head of the implant to laterally stimulate the implant at 60±10 Hz. However, no pronounced bone response to the direct vibration was found. In the second study, a displacement-controlled loading was applied onto the implant through the implant axis. Four loading regimes were applied in this study: 1) HF-LM, 40 Hz-8 μm; 2) HF-HM, 40 Hz-16 μm; 3) LF-LM, 8 Hz-41 μm; 4) LF-HM, 8 Hz-82 μm. The stimulatory effect of immediate implant loading on bone-to-implant contact was only observed in case of high-frequency (40 Hz) low-magnitude (8 μm) loading. The applied load regimes failed to influence the peri-implant bone mass.This series of studies confirmed the role of mechanical loading in peri-implant bone regeneration and remodelling. Although an influencing role was observed for all loading modes, we tend to believe that the high frequency loading through WBV holds most potential.

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Sponsored by the Biodiesel Production: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Prospects Task Committee of the Technical Committee on Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Engineering of the Environmental Council of the Environmental and Water Resources Institute of ASCEBiodiesel Production: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Prospects presents approaches, technologies, and source materials for biodiesel production, as well as socioeconomic and political impacts of biodiesel applications. As industrialization and population increases, the need for energy is also increasing. Petroleum diesel is a major fuel source worldwide that possesses many disadvantages including decreasing fossil fuel reserves and increasing atmospheric pollution. These pollutants have significant negative impacts on the global environment and human health. Thus, it is imperative to develop alternate fuels and renewable sources of energy that are environmentally sustainable, with biodegradability, low toxicity, and renewability and are less reliant on petroleum products.This book presents a detailed overview of the benefits, impacts, and production of biodiesel. Topics includeHistory, composition, physicochemical properties, and standards; General methods and applications of raw materials;Extraction of lipids from the oil-bearing materials;Nanotechnology and genetic engineering;Conventional methods and use of resins and adsorbents for purification; Management of coproducts; Economic evaluation and environmental impacts; andSocioeconomic and political considerations. Researchers, scientists, engineers, students, policy makers, and government officials will find this book to be an essential reference of comprehensive information on biodiesel production.

Biodiesel fuels. --- Petroleum --- Engineering profession --- Material properties --- Non-renewable energy --- Management methods --- Hazardous substances --- Toxicity --- Water resources