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Most welfare measures, including food expenditure and diet quality, are based on household aggregates and assume an equal or equitable distribution of resources among members within the household. But it is unlikely that resources are distributed equally or equitably within most households. As such, individual food expenditure and diet quality measures, rather than household aggregations, may paint a more accurate picture of intra-household welfare. This paper assesses the disparity between household and individual measurement of food expenditure and diet quality in the Philippines using data from 2013. It finds evidence of intra-household inequality for food expenditure and for diet quality. In particular, for the consumption of starchy staples, meat, fish, and legumes, women and children do not meet the recommended consumption, even within households that, in aggregate, are able to meet the recommended consumption. However, intra-household inequality is not observed under circumstances in which no one in the household meets recommended consumption, as is the case for many food categories in our analysis.

Food supply. --- Food security.

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Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are living longer than they used to. This increase in life expectancy presents novel challenges, including increased prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) among those with DS and related changes to caregiving needs. Information about the impacts of longer lives and increased DS-AD prevalence is lacking. This information is needed to inform both investment in research development programs for new treatments for DS-AD and policies related to health care and caregiving for aging adults with DS. To begin addressing the knowledge gap, the authors developed a multistate population simulation and projection model to study trends in DS-AD and the associated impact on caregiving. The results of the study demonstrate the potential for investment in DS and DS-AD to increase years of life without DS-AD among those living with DS, with concomitant improvements in caregiving time investments. Specific projections depend on assumptions about DS longevity, which itself might improve with increased research investment. The magnitude of the caregiving impact is notable, given that, unlike in the general population, DS caregiving is ongoing for many individuals with DS whether or not the patients have AD.