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L'élève qui résoud un exercice de closure manipule le texte dans son ensemble et doit recourir à des stratégies de recherches de la signification de mots. Les récents progrès de la micro-informatique ont permis la conception de programmes de micro-ordinateurs permettant de produire des exercices de closure avec une grande facilité et rapidité. Ce travail se situe au croisement de trois voies de recherche en pédagogie expérimentale : le test de closure, la mesure de la lisibilité et les utilisations pédagogiques de l'ordinateur. La population se compose de 59 élèves dans le groupe expérimental et de 58 élèves dans le groupe contrôle.

Informatique --- Computer science --- Enseignement --- Teaching --- Technologie éducative --- OUTIL -- EVALUATION --- LISIBILITE --- Technologie éducative

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This book, written by experts, aims to provide a detailed overview of recent advances in oenology. Book chapters include the latest progress in the chemistry and biochemistry of winemaking, stabilisation, and ageing, covering the impact of phenolic compounds and their transformation products on wine sensory characteristics, emerging non-thermal technologies, fermentation with non-Saccharomyces yeasts, pathways involved in aroma compound synthesis, the effect of wood chips use on wine quality, the chemical changes occurring during Port wine ageing, sensory mechanisms of astringency, physicochemical wine instabilities and defects, and the role of cork stoppers in wine bottle ageing. It is highly recommended to academic researchers, practitioners in wine industries, as well as graduate and PhD students in oenology and food science.

Wine and wine making.

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Wine is highly appreciated for its distinctive sensory characteristics, including its colour, aroma, and taste. However, unwanted microbiological activity, unbalanced concentrations of certain compounds resulting from unbalanced grape chemical compositions, and inadequate winemaking practices and storage conditions can result in sensory defects that significantly decrease wine quality. Although preventing wine defects is the best strategy, they are sometimes difficult to avoid. Therefore, when present, several fining agents or additives and technologies are available or being developed with different performances regarding their impact on wine quality. Wine stabilisation refers to removal and prevention strategies and treatments that limit visual, olfactory, gustatory, or tactile wine defects, as well as increase wine safety and stability through fining and the application of different operations carried out in wineries (filtration, pasteurisation, electrodialysis, and cold stabilisation) and the use of emerging technologies (electron-beam irradiation, high hydrostatic pressure, pulsed electric fields, ultrasound, pulsed light). Future trends in this field involve using more sustainable and environmentally friendly fining agents and technologies and developing treatments with better performance and specificity.

Technology: general issues --- Chemical engineering --- triazole pesticides --- wine --- fermentation --- sensory analysis --- flavor components --- oxidation --- membrane contactor --- polymeric pigments --- mannoproteins --- mouthfeel --- astringency --- subquality --- colour --- pressing --- extended maceration --- Sangiovese --- ladybird taint --- methoxypyrazines --- wine quality --- wine faults --- grape quality --- yeasts --- non-Saccharomyces --- off-smells --- volatile acidity --- ethylphenols --- pyranoanthocyanins --- pH control --- bioprotection --- amino acid --- yeast --- sulfur --- aroma --- aging --- QDA --- glutathione --- sulfur dioxide --- hydrolysable tannins --- light-struck taste --- storage --- white wine --- wine oxidation --- browning --- light exposure --- tannins --- reductive aromas --- atypical aging --- preventive measures --- corrective solutions --- 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole (TCA) --- ADSI cork powder --- fining agent --- phenolic profile --- chromatic characteristics --- volatile profile