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"This is a fantastic guide to the changing structure of jobs in the world, with a goldmine of evidence on growing and declining occupations in Europe, the Americas and Asia. No book has ever presented such a comprehensive study of employment change as this one." – Daniel Oesch, University of Lausanne, Switzerland "As an impressive piece of empirical work this book offers an innovative way of assessing structural shifts in employment, indicating areas for effective policy actions, while exercising great caution not to jump to premature conclusions. This well-written book will serve as a key guide for both researchers and policymakers in the coming years of employment transformation.” – Sangheon Lee, Director of the Employment Policy Department of the International Labour Organization, Switzerland This open-access book offers a comparative analysis of changes in employment structures on a global scale, focusing on employment trends during the first decades of the 21st century across 17 developed and developing economies, including countries from Europe, North America, Central and Latin America, and Asia. The authors examine patterns of occupational change in all cases, with job upgrading and polarization being the most prevalent, and explore the factors driving these changes, such as technological change, the increased participation of women, the growth of service-oriented sectors, and others. Particular attention is given to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on employment. By applying consistent methods across all countries, the book provides a comprehensive understanding of employment dynamics and trends worldwide, representing one of the most significant efforts to produce comparative evidence on a global scale to date. As such, it will be of interest to researchers and policymakers focused on labor, inequality, and economic development. Sergio Torrejón Pérez is an economic and policy analyst at the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission in Spain. Enrique Fernández-Macías is a researcher at the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission in Spain. John Hurley is a senior research manager at EUROFOUND in Dublin, Ireland.
Labor economics. --- Development economics. --- Economic policy. --- Labor Economics. --- Development Economics. --- Economic Policy.
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This volume features a collection of peer-reviewed contributions from the biannual conference organized by the Mexican Statistical Society, held in Cuernavaca, Mexico, from September 27-29, 2023. Statistical research in Latin America is vibrant and far-reaching, with extensive networks both within the region and beyond. However, much of this work is published in Spanish, limiting access for a broader audience. This volume aims to bridge that gap by presenting selected research from Latin American scholars and their collaborators to a wider readership. Academics will find value in the latest methodological advancements, while practitioners from various fields may discover innovative tools for data analysis. The volume places special emphasis on environmental statistics and applications that address societal issues or directly model social phenomena.
Mathematical statistics --- Geography --- Statistics and Computing. --- Mathematics of Planet Earth. --- Data processing. --- Mathematics.
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Fungal pathogens have traditionally been a problem in both medical and agricultural settings. Azoles are currently the largest and most widely used class of antifungal agents in clinical medicine, and also represent a pillar for crop protection. Azole antifungals are regarded as an efficient solution against agricultural fungi, however, azole residues can disperse and persist in the environment and, thus, potentially affect non-target, potentially beneficial microorganisms. Among these organisms, recent interest has focused on flower-inhabiting yeasts of the Metschnikowia clade (Ascomycota), which are able to grow and reproduce in floral nectar due to their osmotolerance and have been linked to important beneficial ecological functions such as the attraction of pollinators and the control of plant pathogens. Due to their wide distribution in agricultural fields, Metschnikowia yeasts may be frequently exposed to azoles, but there is still not much information on their tolerance to antifungals and the effects that these could potentially have on their growth parameters. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two azoles widely used in agriculture, namely epoxiconazole and imazalil, on the growth and osmotolerance of some representative nectar-inhabiting members of the Metschnikowia clade. In total, 16 strains from five different species (Metschnikowia gruessii (n = 2), M. koreensis (2), M. reukaufii (3), M. proteae (4) and Candida rancensis (5)) were tested for antifungal susceptibility in synthetic solutions, mimicking floral nectar and containing different concentrations of sucrose (5%, 12.5%, 25% and 45%). The results showed that Metschnikowia yeasts are susceptible to relatively low concentrations of epoxiconazole and imazalil and osmotic pressure. Nevertheless, those results depended on the sucrose concentration and yeast species. However, a larger number of strains should be tested in order to get more reliable results.
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Flowers offer a wide variety of substrates suitable for microbial growth. However, the microbiological study of flowers has only recently begun to be systematically addressed, and our knowledge about floral-inhabiting microorganisms is yet very limited. The aim of this study was to assess the diversity of culturable yeasts associated with three floral microhabitats –namely, nectar, stamina and styles– of Metrosideros polymorpha Gaud. (Myrtaceae), a tree endemic to Hawaii. Yeast isolates recovered from floral samples were identified by sequencing different regions of the ribosomal RNA operon and classified into operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Furthermore, rarefaction-based estimators were used to assess the diversity and composition of the flower-dwelling yeast communities. Our results showed that M. polymorpha flowers are inhabited by species-poor yeast communities (<42 predicted OTUs, of which we recovered c.50%) that are dominated by ascomycetous taxa (75% of observed OTUs). Furthermore, the yeast communities associated to specific floral structures showed certain differentiation in their OTU richness and phylogenetic diversity, both of which were higher for styles and stamina than for nectar. Finally, our mycological survey led to the discovery of two novel yeast lineages that diverged phylogenetically and phenotypically from previously described taxa, and might represent new species within the anamorphic genus Candida. Future work should clarify the taxonomic status and ecology of these new yeast lineages.
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