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Are policies designed to avert climate change (Climate Change Policies, or CCPs) politically costly? Using data on governmental popular support and the OECD’s Environmental Stringency Index, we find that CCPs are not necessarily politically costly: policy design matters. First, only market-based CCPs (such as emission taxes) generate negative effects on popular support. Second, the effects are muted in countries where non-green (dirty) energy is a relatively small input into production. Third, political costs are not significant when CCPs are implemented during periods of low oil prices, generous social insurance and low inequality.
Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Environmental Policy --- Environmental Economics --- Natural Disasters --- Foreign Exchange --- Informal Economy --- Underground Econom --- Environmental Economics: Government Policy --- Climate --- Natural Disasters and Their Management --- Global Warming --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Environmental policy & protocols --- Climate change --- Natural disasters --- Environment --- Climate policy --- Fuel prices --- Environmental policy --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Climatic changes --- Norway
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This paper looks at fiscal solvency and public debt sustainability in both emerging market and advanced countries. Evidence of fiscal solvency, in the form of a robust positive conditional relationship between public debt and the primary fiscal balance, is established in both groups of countries, as well as in the sample as a whole. Evidence of fiscal solvency is much weaker, however, at high debt levels. The debt-primary balance relationship weakens considerably in emerging economies as debt rises above 50 percent of GDP. Moreover, the relationship vanishes in high-debt countries when the countries are split into high- and low-debt groups relative to sample means and medians, and this holds for industrial countries, emerging economies, and in the combined sample. These findings suggest that many industrial and emerging economies, including several where fiscal solvency has been the subject of recent debates, appear to conduct fiscal policy responsibly. Yet our results cannot reject the hypothesis of fiscal insolvency in groups of countries with high debt ratios, where the response of the primary balance to increases in debt is not statistically significant.
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Japan’s weak economic performance in the 1990s has had implications not only for its own people, but for the world economy more generally, given Japan’s importance as a trading partner and supplier of capital. Therefore, it is essential that Japan unlock its growth potential. The IMF has worked with the Japanese authorities to identify the policies needed to bring Japan’s economy out of its recent slump. This book contributes to this ongoing debate, whose major topics include the need for an integrated policy strategy based on the decisive restructuring of the banking and corporate sectors, combined with macroeconomic policies designed to bring an end to deflation.
International finance --- Fiscal policy --- Monetary policy --- Foreign exchange rates --- Politique fiscale --- Politique monétaire --- Taux de change --- International Monetary Fund --- Japan --- Japon --- Economic policy --- Politique économique --- 338.22 <520> --- -Monetary policy --- -Foreign exchange rates --- -JP / Japan - Japon --- 331.30 --- 336.61 --- 333.820 --- -330.952 --- Exchange rates --- Fixed exchange rates --- Flexible exchange rates --- Floating exchange rates --- Fluctuating exchange rates --- Foreign exchange --- Rates of exchange --- Monetary management --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Finance, Public --- Economische organisatieleer. Economisch beleid. Economische politiek--Japan --- Economische toestand. --- Financieel beleid. --- Geldbeleid, bankbeleid en kredietbeleid: algemeenheden. --- Rates --- Government policy --- Mezhdunarodnyĭ vali︠u︡tnyĭ fond --- Международный валютный фонд --- Miz︠h︡narodnyĭ vali︠u︡tnyĭ fond --- Fundo Monetário Internacional --- Fondo Monetario Internacional --- IMF (International Monetary Fund) --- FMI (International Monetary Fund) --- Internationaler Währungsfonds --- Kokusai Tsūka Kikin --- Fonds monétaire international --- Kukche Tʻonghwa Kigŭm --- Kansainvälinen Valuuttarahasto --- Kuo chi huo pi chi chin --- Fondul Monetar International --- Ṣundūq al-Naqd al-Dawlī --- Fondo M. Internacional --- IWF (International Monetary Fund) --- Kō̜ngthun Kānngœ̄n rawāng Prathēt --- MVF (International Monetary Fund) --- Międzynarodowy Fundusz Walutowy --- Mulya Aramudala --- I.M.F. (International Monetary Fund) --- Quỹ tiè̂n tệ quó̂c té̂ --- Nemzetközi Valuta Alap --- صندوق النقد الدولي --- 国际货币基金组织 --- 国際通貨基金 --- 國際貨幣基金組織 --- Fundu Monetariu Internacional --- Ṣundūq al-Naqd al-Duwalī --- DNT (Organization) --- -Electronic books. -- local. --- Fiscal policy -- Japan. --- Foreign exchange rates -- Japan. --- International Monetary Fund. --- Japan -- Economic policy -- 1989-. --- Monetary policy -- Japan. --- Business & Economics --- Economic History --- 338.22 <520> Economische organisatieleer. Economisch beleid. Economische politiek--Japan --- -338.22 <520> --- Electronic books. -- local. --- Internationaal monetair fonds --- International monetary fund --- -International finance --- -Fiscal policy --- Politique monétaire --- Politique économique --- Nihon --- Nippon --- Iapōnia --- Zhāpān --- I︠A︡ponii︠a︡ --- Yapan --- Japão --- Japam --- Mư̄ang Yīpun --- Prathēt Yīpun --- Yīpun --- Jih-pen --- Riben --- Government of Japan --- 日本 --- 日本国 --- Nipponkoku --- Nippon-koku --- Nihonkoku --- Nihon-koku --- State of Japan --- Япония --- Japani --- اليابان --- al-Yābān --- يابان --- Yābān --- Japonsko --- Giappone --- Japonia --- Japonya --- IMF --- Economische toestand --- Financieel beleid --- Geldbeleid, bankbeleid en kredietbeleid: algemeenheden --- Jepun --- Yapon --- Yapon Ulus --- I︠A︡pon --- Япон --- I︠A︡pon Uls --- Япон Улс --- -IMF --- Banks and Banking --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public Finance --- Industries: Financial Services --- Demography --- Labor --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Economics of the Elderly --- Economics of the Handicapped --- Non-labor Market Discrimination --- Monetary Policy --- Price Level --- Inflation --- Deflation --- Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits --- Private Pensions --- Finance --- Monetary economics --- Macroeconomics --- Population & demography --- Banking --- Pensions --- Aging --- Inflation targeting --- Bank credit --- Population and demographics --- Loans --- Financial institutions --- Money --- Nonperforming loans --- Banks and banking --- Population aging --- Credit
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