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Jappelli and Pagano (1994) argues that tightening the borrowing constraints in the mortgage markets promotes savings. Employing a six-period overlapping generations model with endogenous growth and a method of simulation calibrated on the Middle East, this paper demonstrates that the above argument is tenable only if consumers do not alter their tenure choices. Consumers do, however, postpone or forsake the purchase of a house under severely restrictive borrowing constraints, causing the savings and growth rates to fall. Therefore, for countries with scarce mortgage availability like those in the Middle East, expanding the mortgage markets to some extent is conducive to savings and growth.

Finance: General --- Infrastructure --- Macroeconomics --- Real Estate --- Industries: Financial Services --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Economic Development: Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis --- Housing --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Portfolio Choice --- Investment Decisions --- Housing Supply and Markets --- Finance --- Property & real estate --- Liquidity --- Housing prices --- Consumption --- National accounts --- Financial institutions --- Asset and liability management --- Prices --- Saving and investment --- Economics --- United States

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With the end of Dennard scaling and Moore’s law, IC chips, especially large-scale ones, now face more reliability challenges, and reliability has become one of the mainstay merits of VLSI designs. In this context, this book presents a built-in on-chip fault-tolerant computing paradigm that seeks to combine fault detection, fault diagnosis, and error recovery in large-scale VLSI design in a unified manner so as to minimize resource overhead and performance penalties. Following this computing paradigm, we propose a holistic solution based on three key components: self-test, self-diagnosis and self-repair, or “3S” for short. We then explore the use of 3S for general IC designs, general-purpose processors, network-on-chip (NoC) and deep learning accelerators, and present prototypes to demonstrate how 3S responds to in-field silicon degradation and recovery under various runtime faults caused by aging, process variations, or radical particles. Moreover, we demonstrate that 3S not only offers a powerful backbone for various on-chip fault-tolerant designs and implementations, but also has farther-reaching implications such as maintaining graceful performance degradation, mitigating the impact of verification blind spots, and improving chip yield. This book is the outcome of extensive fault-tolerant computing research pursued at the State Key Lab of Processors, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences over the past decade. The proposed built-in on-chip fault-tolerant computing paradigm has been verified in a broad range of scenarios, from small processors in satellite computers to large processors in HPCs. Hopefully, it will provide an alternative yet effective solution to the growing reliability challenges for large-scale VLSI designs. .

Computers. --- Microprocessors. --- Computer architecture. --- Hardware Performance and Reliability. --- Computer Hardware. --- Processor Architectures. --- Architecture, Computer --- Minicomputers --- Automatic computers --- Automatic data processors --- Computer hardware --- Computing machines (Computers) --- Electronic brains --- Electronic calculating-machines --- Electronic computers --- Hardware, Computer --- Computer systems --- Cybernetics --- Machine theory --- Calculators --- Cyberspace --- Fault-tolerant computing. --- Integrated circuits --- Masks --- Computing, Fault-tolerant --- Electronic data processing --- Electronic digital computers --- Fault tolerance (Engineering) --- Computer system failures --- Reliability

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This book reports on the findings of a series of studies on the development of zero-to-three-year-old Chinese children supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities. The studies were conducted by a research group at the Institute of Early Childhood Education, Beijing Normal University. In the first part of the book, findings concerning the developmental trajectory are presented, including physical and motor development, cognitive development, language development, social and emotional development. The focus of the second part is on the effect of family environment and practices. Specifically, the authors provide empirical evidence allowing readers to better understand how the home environment and educational practice in the family impact the psychological development of children in their early years. In the last part, culture-specific issues like the new universal two-child policy in China are discussed. Most of the parts are based on large-scale investigations and analysis of the status quo, complemented by small-sample studies and case studies. The findings presented here will promote theory building and public understanding of early care and education in China. Moreover, the behavior observation scales and assessment tools developed by the research group are cultural appropriate and may serve as a foundation for further studies on early care and education in the Chinese cultural context. .

Early childhood education --- Research --- Early childhood education. --- Early Childhood Education. --- Education --- Child development. --- Child study --- Children --- Development, Child --- Developmental biology --- Development