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Quartz crystal-a technology that changed the tide of World War II Some of the defining leaps in technology in the twentieth century occurred during the Second World War, from radar to nuclear energy. Often left out of historical discussions are quartz crystals, which proved to be just as pivotal to the Allied victory-and to post-war development-as other technologies. Quartz crystals provided the U.S. military, for the first time, with reliable communication on the front lines, and then went on to become the core of some of the most basic devices of the post-war era, from watches, clocks, and color televisions, to cell phones and computers. In Crystal Clear, Richard Thompson relates the story of the quartz crystal in World War II, from its early days as a curiosity for amateur radio enthusiasts, to its use by the United States Armed Forces. It follows the intrepid group of scientists and engineers from the Office of the Chief Signal Officer of the U.S. Army as they raced to create an effective quartz crystal unit. They had to find a reliable supply of radio-quality quartz; devise methods to reach, mine, and transport the quartz; find a way to manufacture quartz crystal oscillators rapidly; and then solve the puzzling "aging problem" that plagued the early units. Ultimately, the development of quartz oscillators became the second largest scientific undertaking in World War II after the Manhattan Project. Bringing to light a little-known aspect of World War II, Crystal Clear offers a glimpse inside one of the most significant efforts in the annals of engineering.

World War, 1939-1945 --- Oscillators, Crystal --- Quartz crystals --- History & Archaeology --- History - General --- Communications --- Oscillators, Crystal. --- Quartz crystals. --- Communications. --- United States. --- �Etats-Unis. --- History --- Communication systems --- History. --- Histoire --- Communication, Syst�emes de --- Histoire. --- USA. --- États-Unis. --- Communication, Systémes de

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Computational Methods for Electromagnetic Inverse Scattering Xudong Chen, National University of Singapore, Singapore This book offers a comprehensive and updated overview of the theory, algorithms and applications of electromagnetic inverse scattering problems. Fundamental theories including mathematical derivation and physical insights of both forward and inverse electromagnetic scattering will be emphasized, and 2-dimentional and 3-dimensional problems covered. Readers will be introduced to reconstruction algorithms for both small-size and large-size scatterers, as well as qualitative and quantitative reconstruction algorithms. Inverse scattering taking into account different boundary conditions are also discussed before imaging resolution and applications are tackled from a new perspective. . Offers important advances in electromagnetic inverse scattering grounded in fundamental theory, algorithms and practical engineering applications. Covers the latest, most relevant inverse scattering techniques like signal subspace methods, time reversal, linear sampling, qualitative methods, compressive sensing, and noniterative methods. Emphasizes theory, mathematical derivation and physical insights of various inverse scattering problems Written by a leading expert in the field, Numerical Methods for Electromagnetic Inverse Scattering is an essential reference for researchers in electrical engineering, physics and applied mathematics. Graduate students and practicing engineers specializing in areas like remote sensing, military surveillance, biomedical diagnosis, nondestructive testing/evaluation, and oil exploration would also find it an insightful guide.

Electromagnetic waves --- Scattering (Physics) --- Scattering --- Mathematical models. --- Mathematics --- Inverse scattering transform. --- Mathematics.

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Understanding electromagnetic wave theory is pivotal in the design of antennas, microwave circuits, radars, and imaging systems. Researchers behind technology advances in these and other areas need to understand both the classical theory of electromagnetics as well as modern and emerging techniques of solving Maxwell's equations. To this end, the book provides a graduate-level treatment of selected analytical and computational methods. The analytical methods include the separation of variables, perturbation theory, Green's functions, geometrical optics, the geometrical theory of diffraction, physical optics, and the physical theory of diffraction. The numerical techniques include mode matching, the method of moments, and the finite element method. The analytical methods provide physical insights that are valuable in the design process and the invention of new devices. The numerical methods are more capable of treating general and complex structures. Together, they form a basis for modern electromagnetic design. The level of presentation allows the reader to immediately begin applying the methods to some problems of moderate complexity. It also provides explanations of the underlying theories so that their capabilities and limitations can be understood.

Electromagnetic waves. --- Electromagnetism --- Electromagnetic Phenomena. --- Electromagnetic Fields. --- Electromagnetic Radiation. --- Mathematics.

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Optoelectronics --- Nanotechnology --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Applied Physics