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The interdisciplinary circular economy literature recommends longer lasting products, to reduce pollution from repeated production and disposal. For any type of appliance, we assume consumers choose among variants with different durability. Firms are competitive. Standard Pigovian analysis shows that optimal taxes depend on pollution and not on product life. Here, we find conditions where consumers choose lives that are too short - a "durability gap". First, we show that suboptimal existing output taxes imply suboptimal durability. An increase in uniform tax on all variants encourages purchase of a more durable variant and raises welfare. Second, welfare also is raised by a subsidy for choosing a more durable variant or by a marginally binding durability mandate. Third, we find that a social discount rate less than the private rate is the strongest case for policy to favor durability. Fourth, the consumer misperceptions we study have ambiguous implications for durability policy.
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This study applies state-of-the-art machine learning (ML) techniques to forecast IMF-supported programs, analyzes the ML prediction results relative to traditional econometric approaches, explores non-linear relationships among predictors indicative of IMF-supported programs, and evaluates model robustness with regard to different feature sets and time periods. ML models consistently outperform traditional methods in out-of-sample prediction of new IMF-supported arrangements with key predictors that align well with the literature and show consensus across different algorithms. The analysis underscores the importance of incorporating a variety of external, fiscal, real, and financial features as well as institutional factors like membership in regional financing arrangements. The findings also highlight the varying influence of data processing choices such as feature selection, sampling techniques, and missing data imputation on the performance of different ML models and therefore indicate the usefulness of a flexible, algorithm-tailored approach. Additionally, the results reveal that models that are most effective in near and medium-term predictions may tend to underperform over the long term, thus illustrating the need for regular updates or more stable – albeit potentially near-term suboptimal – models when frequent updates are impractical.
Capital and Ownership Structure --- Computer Programs: General --- Crisis management --- Currency crises --- Data capture & analysis --- Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology --- Data Processing --- Data processing --- Diffusion Processes --- Early warning systems --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economic and financial statistics --- Economic assistance --- Economics of specific sectors --- Economics --- Economics: General --- Electronic data processing --- Emergency assistance --- Exports and Imports --- Financial Crises --- Financial crises --- Financial Risk and Risk Management --- Financial Risk Management --- Financing Policy --- Forecasting and Other Model Applications --- Foreign Aid --- Foreign aid --- General Outlook and Conditions --- Global financial crisis of 2008-2009 --- Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 --- Goodwill --- Informal sector --- Intelligence (AI) & Semantics --- International economics --- Machine learning --- Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance: Forecasting and Simulation --- Macroeconomics --- Neural Networks and Related Topics --- Studies of Particular Policy Episodes --- Technological Change: Choices and Consequences --- Technology --- Value of Firms
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