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This is a 1992 study of writing of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, mainly in France, but also in Britain and Russia. Its focus is on the establishing and questioning of rational, 'civilized' norms of 'politeness', which in the ancien régime meant not just polite manners, but a certain ideal of society and culture. Within this general context, a series of familiar oppositions, between polite and rude, tame and wild, urban(e) and rustic, élite and popular, adult and child, reason and unreason, gives the initial impetus to enquiries which often show how these opposites interpenetrate, how hierarchies are reversed, and how compromises are sought. Polite society, like polite literature, needs and desires its opposite. The ideal is often the meeting of garden and wilderness, where the savage encounters the civilized and gifts are exchanged. Professor France points to the centrality, but also the vulnerability, in classical culture, of the ideal of 'politeness', and his discussion embraces revolutionary eloquence and enlightened primitivism, the value of hyperbole, and the essay as a form of polite sociability.

Social ethics --- Thematology --- French literature --- anno 1600-1699 --- anno 1700-1799 --- European literature --- Literature and society --- Social ethics in literature. --- Courtesy in literature. --- Classicism --- History and criticism. --- European influences. --- French influences. --- Arts and Humanities --- Literature --- French literature - 18th century - History and criticism. --- French literature - 17th century - History and criticism. --- French literature - European influences. --- European literature - French influences. --- Literature and society - France. --- Classicism - France. --- France --- Civilization

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This Guide highlights the place of translation in our culture, encouraging awareness of the process of translating and making the translator more visible. It covers translations out of many languages, from Greek to Korean, Swahili to Russian. Some discussion is historical and critical and some is an examination of which translation has done justice to the original. There are entries for individual texts, writers, genres and national literature.

Language and languages --- Literature --- Langage et langues --- Littérature --- Translating into English --- History --- Translations into English --- History and criticism --- Traduction en anglais --- Histoire --- Traductions anglaises --- Histoire et critique --- 82.03 --- -Literature --- -#KVHA:Literatuurgeschiedenis; Engels --- #KVHA:Vertalingen; Engels --- Belles-lettres --- Western literature (Western countries) --- World literature --- Philology --- Authors --- Authorship --- Foreign languages --- Languages --- Anthropology --- Communication --- Ethnology --- Information theory --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Linguistics --- Vertalen. Literaire vertaling --- -History --- -History and criticism --- Letterkunde --- vertalingen naar het Engels --- geschiedenis en kritiek --- geschiedenis en kritiek. --- 82.03 Vertalen. Literaire vertaling --- Littérature --- Translating and interpreting --- Interpretation and translation --- Interpreting and translating --- Translation and interpretation --- Translators --- History and criticism. --- History. --- Translating --- #KVHA:Literatuurgeschiedenis; Engels --- Translations into English&delete& --- Literature - Translations into English - History and criticism --- Language and languages - Translating into English - History --- -Belles-lettres --- -Translating into English

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Biography as a literary form --- European prose literature --- History and criticism --- European prose literature - History and criticism

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Authors, French --- Autobiography. --- Confession in literature. --- Biography --- History and criticism.

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